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William W. Eitzhugh and Erik Ph aneuf
April 2014

Photo Contributions bt) William W. Pitzhugh, Wilfred Richard and Érik Phaneuf
Produced b Lj Austin Tumas, KateTyn Brammer and Laura Sharp

Smithsonian Institution

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able of (Contents

Figure List ii

1. Project Goals 1

2. Acknowledgements 2

3. Strategies of intervention 3

4. 2013 Expedition Journal 5

5. Hare Harbor-1 (EdBt-3) 51

2013 Artifact Maps and Profiles
Area of Research

2013 Unit Descriptions, Artifacts, Artifact Drawings

6. Hare Harbor-1 2013 Underwater Site Report by Erik Phaneuf 97

7. Hart Chalet-1 (EiBh-47) 108

Excavation Maps, Finds and Unit Descriptions

8. Salmon Bay and Belles Amours Point Survey 124

9. Conclusions and Acknowledgements 125

10. References 128

Appendix 1: Brador Rapport préliminaire 1968 (scanned 2013) by René Levesque 130

Appendix 2: Artifact Field Catalog from Land Sites 159

Appendix 3: Hare Harbor-1 2013 Underwater Artifact Catalog by Eric Phaneuf 168

Appendix 4: Ostéothèque de Montréal Labratory Faunal Analysis, by Claire St-Germain 223
Appendix 5: Final 2013 Artifact Catalog, by Anja Herzog 264

Cover images: Hare Harbor-1 Areas 9 and 10, View Northwest. Photo Will Richard.

Polychroie fiance ceramics from underwater site. Photo Will Richard.

!

) iVure

1.00:Cover Image: Hare Harbor-1 Areas 9 and 10 excavations. View NW.

1.01: Area of Research on Quebec Lower North Shore 2001-2012
1.02: Map of areas visited during 2013 field season
1.03: Hare Harbor site, Area 9 view North.

1.04: Hart Chalet site, view north.

2.00: Florence Hart and Bill at the Hart Chalet site. Photo by W. Richard
3.00: Rebecca Mayus records rocks in Hare Harbor-1, Area 9.

3.01: Anja Herzog, Andre Bergeron and staff at Quebec Conservation Center, Spring 2013.

4.00: W. Fitzhugh, Rebecca Mayus, Marijo Gauthier-Bérubé, Perry Colbourne, Erik Phaneuf, Sarai Barreiro Ar-

giielles, and David Légaré. Photo by W. Richard

4.01: Anita Herzog working at Quebec Conservation Institute.

4.02: Andre Bergeron, Chief of Quebec Conservation Institute, amidst our still-to-be-processed collections.

4.03: LAM site reconstruction view.

4.04: Rebecca Mayus and Viking boat at L’Anse aux Meadows site.

4.05: Fishing Boats at St. Lunaire.

4.06: Leif under cover, before unveiling the Leif Erikson statue at L’Anse aux Meadows.

4.07: House 1 at the Hart Chalet site before excavation.

4.08: Hare Harbor - 1 Area 9 excavations, view SW.

4.09: Dinner at Harrington with Christine and Wilson Evans. Photo by W. Richard
4.10: The boardwalk at Harrington: Photo by W. Richard
4.11: HH-1, Working on flooded squares.

4.12: Rebecca Mayus and Erik Phaneuf enjoying lunch on the Pits.

4.13: HH-1, Area 9 expanded excavations with flooding. View SW.

4.14: HH-1, A9, 2S/10W hearth, view East.

4.15: HH-1, Broken European flint cobbles from underwater ballast dump. Photo by W. Richard
4.16: Piece of chaffing bowl from underwater side. Photo by W. Richard.

4.17: Will photographing Area 9 grid.

4.18: Gang outside Paul Rowsell’s Shop in Harrington. Photo by W. Richard
4.19: Bella Desgagnés and fishing boats in Harrington.

4.20: Iron adze from A10.

4.21: Serai, David, and Marijo relaxing in Pitsiulak galley.

4.22: Piece of a lusterware porringer. Photo by W. Richard

4.23: Will and Rebecca excavate of S-l midden in Area 10. View North

4.24: Glazed Chinese ceramic from Area 10.

4.25: Earthenware from HH-1 4S/4W. Photo by W. Richard

4.26: Pipe fragments, glass stemware base, seed bead, and striped glass bead from Area 10. Photo by W. Richard
4.27: Lower level 4S/2W hearth with baleen and Early Basque occupation
4.28: Inuit soapstone cooking vessel and stoneware rim sherd from 4S/2W.

4.29: HH-1, Area 9 and 10 excavations. View to SE.

4.30: Area 9 view to S.

4.31: Boulder with peculiar (natural) markings from undercover excavation. Photo by W. Richard
4.32: Boulder with natural vertical markings. Photo by W. Richard

4.33: Freshly-showered crew at dinner with Christine, lobsters, and wine. Photo by W. Richard
4.34: Wilson Evans’ boat with Paul Rowsell.

5.17: North view of 4S/8W. Photo by W. Richard
5.18: 4S/8W ceramics.

5.19: 4S/8W iron.

5.20: 4S/8W ceramics.

5.21: 4S/8W ceramics.

5.22: 4S/8W ceramics.

5.23: View of 6S/10W. Photo by W. Richard
5.24: View of 8S/10W. Photo by W. Richard
5.25: View of 8S/14W. Photo by W. Richard
5.26: 8S/14W iron and bone finds.

5.27: View of 2S/2W. Photo by W. Richard
5.28: 2S/2W iron, glass, and ceramics.

5.29: View of 4S/2W. Photo by W. Richard
5.30: 4S/2W soapstone, glass, pipe, and ceramics.

5.31: 4S/2W iron finds.

5.32: 4S/2W soapstone and stoneware.

5.33: 4S/2W ceramics, glass, pipe, and ceramics.

5.34: View of 4S/4W. Photo by W. Richard
5.35: 4S/4W soapstone.

5.36: 4S/4W glass and ceramics.

5.37: 4S/4W iron adze.

5.38: 4S/4W ceramics.

5.39: 4S/4W iron adze.

5.40: 4S/4W ceramics.

5.41: 4S/4W whetstone.

5.42: 4S/4W nails.

5.43: 4S/4W earthenware.

5.44: Basque tiles are found between and under the cliff rock-fall, embedded in marine clay.

6.00: Map of underwater excavation area. 2013 units shown in orange.

6.01: North profile of C3-3

6.02: C3-3 during ballast removal on Layer 2. Arrow points to small whale vertebra.

6.03: C3-3 excavation with C3-4 to the rear. Ballast stones on right corner are from 2012 C2-2.

6.04: Detail of whale vertebra in C3-3 along with roof tiles and ballast stones in lower part of Level 1.
6.05 and 6.06: Serrated wooden bead and ivory bead from C3-3 Level 2.

6.07: Faience porringer from C3-4.

6.08: East wall of C3-4.

6.09: North wall of C3-4.

6.10: C3-4 upper level showing SP-6 ballast.

6.11: Northeast corner of C3-4 showing chaluupa ballast.

6.12: Lusterware porringer from C3-3.

6.13: Birdshot and melted lead droplets from L4 and C3-4.

6.14: C3-5 west profile.

6.15: C3-5 north profile.

7.00: Ceramic from TP 2 (exterior).

7.01: Ceramic from TP 2 (interior).

7.02: Clockwise from top left: Hart Chalet, House 1 Units A-D. North to right.

7.03: Earthenware from Unit A.

7.04: Glazed Earthenware from Unit A.

7.05: Earthenware from Unit D.

7.06: Test Pit 4. View North wall profile

IV

4.35: Wilson, Christine and Sarah Evans.

4.36: Crew shot in Harrington at season’s end: Will, Rebecca, Sarai, David, Marijo, Erik, Bill, and Perry. Photo by
W. Richard

4.37: Young businesswoman selling ice tea in Harrington. Photo by W. Richard

4.38: Sharon Ransom. Photo by W. Richard

4.39: Jim Ransom. Photo by W. Richard

4.40: Crowd in Harrington. Photo by W. Richard

4.41: Trying to corral the careening speedboat. Photo by W. Richard

4.42: Temporary victory over the speedboat. Photo by W. Richard

4.43: Mapping the Hart Chalet Site. House 1. View North

4.44: 1968 photo of Chalet site area by R. Levesque. Florence Hart collection.

4.45: Hart Chalet House 1 and datum. View South.

4.46: Hart Chalet Inuit House 1 trench. View North.

4.47: Red Bay. Photo by W. Richard

4.48: Test pit 6 at Hart Chalet Inuit village House 2 midden. View North.

4.49: Hart Chalet H2 entry test pit 7. View North.

4.50: The speedboat returns home, aground on an island shoal a kilometer from Pitsiulak. Photo by W. Richard

4.51: The renegade boat is back in hand. Photo by W. Richard

4.52: Replacing the broken towline with a monster rope. Photo by W. Richard

4.53: Brador Bay Dock. Photo by W. Richard

4.54: Anthony Dumas, Bill Fitzhugh, and Rebecca Mayus inspecting rock structures at Belles Amours. Photo by W.
Richard

4.55: Red Bay Museum Basque harpoon.

4.56: 16th century Basque model ship. Red Bay Museum.

4.57: Map of Courtmanche settlement at Baie Philypeaux (Bradore), Leveques papers. Courtesy of Florence Hart.
4.58: Middle Bay Museum displays.

4.59: Salmon Bay site. View Southwest.

4.60: Salmon Bay site house foundation.

4.61: Salmon Bay transfer print ceramic.

4.62: Maurice with his “log snake” at Lushes Bight. Photo by W. Richard

4.63: Jerry Jones and Bill inspecting Maritime Archaic finds. Photo by W. Richard

4.64: Jerry Jones’ house and beach. Photo by W. Richard

4.65: Hare Harbor - 1 Areas 9 and 10 at the end of excavation. Photo by W. Richard
4.66: Will, Perry, Van, Louise and Bill saying goodbyes at season’s end.

5.00: View of OS 8W. Photo by W. Richard
5.01: 0S/8W nails and ivory.

5.02: 0S/8W artifacts.

5.03: 0S/8W burned bird bones.

5.04: 0S/8W artifacts.

5.05: View of 0S/10W. Photo by W. Richard
5.06: 0S/10W nails and iron.

5.07: 0S/10W iron tool handle.

5.08: 0S/10W ceramics.

5.09: 0S/10W ceramics.

5.10: 2S/8W artifacts.

5.11: View of 2S/10W. Upper Level hearth. Photo by W. Richard
5.12: View of 2S/10W, Lower Level hearth. Photo by W. Richard
5.13: 2S/10W iron artifacts.

5.14: 2S/10W iron nails and objects.

5.15: 2S/10W ceramics and glass.

5.16: 2S/10W artifacts.

7.07: Test Pit 4. View East wall profile
7.08: Artifacts from Test Pit 4.

7.09: Test Pit 4 . View Northeast
7.10: Test Pit 4 and 4A. View North
7.11: Artifacts from Test Pit 4.

7.12: Artifacts from Test Pit 4.

7.13: Test Pit 4 (left) and 4A (right).

7.14: House 2 entryway test pit. North to left. Whale bone floor or roof timber in upper left
9.00: Rebecca, Bill, Vicky Driscoll and Florence Hart at the Blanc Sablon Tourist Center.

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Fig 1.01: Area of Research on Quebec Lower North Shore 2001-2012

VI

1 - Y roject (jjoaîs 20 1 3

General Gateways Goals: The general goals of the Gateways Project are to investigate the maritime-related
prehistory and history of the Quebec Lower North Shore. During the course of surveys along this coast from
Blanc Sablon to Mingan from 2001-2012 we identified sites related to the early Maritime Archaic Indian
populations, Groswater and Dorset Paleoeskimos, Thule/Labrador Inuit, and Europeans (Fitzhugh 2006).
Overall project goals have been (1) to clarify the culture history of the LNS; (2) determine the relationships
of cultural groups between Labrador, Newfoundland, and the northeast Gulf of St. Lawrence; (3) investigate
archaeological remains of early European settlement; and (4) enhance the preservation, accessibility, and use of
LNS cultural heritage resources and their potential for education, tourism, and economic development.

2013 Project Goals: The Smithsonian Institution’s 2013 Gateways Project was designed to complete a decade
of research on the Basque-Inuit site at Hare Harbor-1 (EdBt-3) with excavations both on land and underwater,
and to conduct test excavations at the Hart Chalet Inuit village site (EiBh-47) in Brador. Gateways was initially
planned to explore and further refine the long-term culture history of the Quebec Lower North Shore, but
in recent years focused primarily on LNS Basque and Inuit history from ca. 1550-1750, and the interactions
between these two groups and with the local environment. This years field activities at Hare Harbor included
excavation of an activity area between the Inuit house (S4) and a Basque cook-house (SI) in the previously
unexplored central beach area of the site, and expansion of the underwater excavations conducted in 2012. Work
at the Hart Chalet Inuit village site was planned to refine its date of occupation and obtain information on its
house construction and midden inventories. Details of these activities are reported below. Work was conducted
by a team of eight between 30 July and 23 August.

Fig 1.03: Hare Harbor site, Area 9, view North.

Fig 1.04: Hart Chalet site, view north.

2 - /\cLnowledgements

As in previous years, the 2013 fieldwork was a collaboration between the Smithsonian’s Arctic Studies Center
and the University of Montreal. Brad Loewen of UM provided dredging equipment as well as financial support
for dive team captain, Erik Phaneuf, and student divers Sarai Berreiro Argüelles, Marijo Gauthier-Bérubé, and
David Légaré. The Smithsonian’s Notre Dame University intern, Rebecca Mayus, assisted with land excavations,
as did Wilfred Richard, in addition to serving as project photographer. Perry Colbourne served as Pitsiulak
skipper, dive support, and safety officer. Smithsonian intern Katelyn Braymer took on the huge task of preparing
field notes, maps, and illustrations and formatting this report, assisted by Austin Tumas and Laura Fleming, ASC
office manager and researcher. Funding for the field project came from Smithsonian, University of Montreal, and
Dwight Bilodeau. Anja Herzog processed and catalogued the collections at the Quebec Conservation Laboratory.
We thank the Quebec Ministry of Culture and Communications for our permit and official project support, and
the Quebec Conservation Center for its prodigious services. As always, we thank the Colbournes of Lushes Bight
(Long Island), Newfoundland; Wilson and Christine Evans and many others in Harrington Harbor; and Florence
Hart, Clarissa Smith, Sorena Etheridge, and others in Brador—all of whom provided hospitality and friendship
and contributed greatly to project success.

Fig 2.00: Florence Hart and Bill at the Hart
Chalet site. Photo by W. Richard

2

5 ~ Stratcgi es of Intervention

Hare Harbor (EdBt-3)

The purpose of the 2013 work at the Hare Harbor land site was to expand the Area 9 excavation tested in 2012
to see if this contained a significant activity area or structure. The 2x2 m. unit excavated in 2012 produced many
artifacts in a deep deposit filled with rocks embedded in charcoal-rich soil. The deposit was similar to that
found in Area 7. Hie 2013 work employed similar strategies of intervention as in previous years. Our methods
included extending the site grid south of the 0 North line from 2 West to 14 West and south to the rock ridge
that forms the southern edge of the site, clearing a dense spruce thicket that had grown out over this area
and then excavating units in the most productive areas. Units were photographed, mapped for elevation, and
systematically excavated. All finds, rocks, and materials were collected and plotted in three dimensions; features
and units were photographed and drawn, profiles were made, and the excavations were then back-filled and re¬
sodded. Other areas of the land site remained untouched. Vigorous re-growth was found to have begun in the

2012 excavation area, as was the case in all other areas we had excavated in previous years. The major difficulty
we encountered in 2013 was flooding. Area 9 lies in the sites main drainage, and our pits were frequently
filled with running water. Some units that we had hoped to excavate could not be opened as they were always
saturated. Unfortunately the wet nature was not conducive for organic preservation. No wood or bone materials
were present other than a few pieces of whale bone and baleen.

Underwater excavations in the harbor adjacent to the site were conducted as they had been in previous years.

2013 excavations involved extending the underwater grid at the north end of the stone piles, adjacent to the
units excavated in 2012, and conducting controlled excavations. Underwater grid units were measured with
drop-lines from the surface to align them to the land site grid. All materials recovered were mapped, cleaned,
photographed, and described by level. Owing to new policies established by the Quebec Conservation Center
that involved cost charges, we were selective as to what organic materials we saved for the permanent collections.
Duplicate materials (barrel staves, wood wedges, etc) that would involve costly conservation treatment were
photographed, recorded, tagged, and returned underwater to the excavation units they came from. These
excavations followed established protocols for underwater archaeology, with full photography, object plotting,
excavation by troweling assisted by dredges, mapping of features, and creation of stratigraphic sections.

Excavation Procedures: When research began at Hare Harbor-1 in 2002 we established a grid based on a datum
at the top of the rock ridge bounding the southern edge of the site. Secondary datums were established as needed
to facilitate measurements in the vicinity of Areas 1-6. In 2010, we established a datum on the western wall
of S4 for Area 7, and in 2011 and 2012 we continued to use this datum as the basis for extending the grid and
leveling finds into Areas 7 and 8. The grids northern limit ran west along the 22 North line to a large rock-fall
boulder, and its southern limit ran along the 0 North line. In 2011, a trench was laid out extending south from
the entrance of the S4 entry tunnel into Area 8. In 2012, a test pit in Area 9 revealed an unsuspected new activity
area which became the target of 2013 excavations. Following photography, gridding and topographic mapping,
each 2-meter square was excavated according to stratigraphic levels, and data were recorded photographically
and on paper map grids. All rocks, features, flakes, tiles, artifacts, and samples were piece-plotted in three
dimensions. A composite map was prepared and stratigraphic profiles were drawn for important sections. At the
conclusion of the work, all excavated areas were back-filled and covered with sod.

Processing, Analysis, and Reporting: All artifacts recovered were traced, plotted, numbered, and described in
field notes, and interesting objects were photographed at the time of excavation and in lots by 2-meter units. A
field catalog was prepared and everything was packaged and delivered to the Quebec Conservation Center where
it was cleaned and catalogued by Anja Herzog, and materials needing conservation would be taken on by QCC.
All maps, and relevant photos and illustrations are reproduced in this field report. Technical analysis of materials
is on-going at the time of this report and will be published in future reports.

5

Hart Chalet (EiBh-47)

The strategy for work at the Hart Chalet Inuit winter village site in Jacks Cove (Brador) followed the same pro¬
cedures as outlined above for Hare Harbor-1. Our work here was preceded by several previous visits in which
small test pits were excavated to determine the nature, depth, and preservation of its cultural deposits. This year’s
work continued to explore the site with 50x50 cm. test pits in the middens or entryways of each of the three
houses and a single 1x8 m. trench was excavated from the outer end of the entry to the rear wall of House 1. This
involved trimming the lower branches of the spruce trees growing in HI, removing sod, and excavating to sterile
sub-soil. All cultural materials found were recorded in the usual manner and were saved and returned to Quebec
for processing, identification of faunal remains, and cataloguing.

Fig 3.00: Rebecca Mayus records rocks in Hare Harbor-1, Area 9.

Fig 3.01: Anja Herzog, Andre Bergeron and staff at Quebec
Conservation Center, Spring 2013.

A

Ar - Expedition ajournai 201 5

This seasons work on the Quebec Lower North Shore will probably be the last work we will do at Petit Mecatina,
which for the past decade has anchored the southern end of our “Greater Labrador” research program. For
several years now we thought we had completed our “last” season at Petit Mécatina, but then new finds propelled
us back for another season. I think that pattern is now over. But who knows what surprises will emerge this year!
We plan to expand last years productive underwater excavations, which are being conducted by Erik Phaneuf
and our University of Montreal team, consisting this year of two returning students, Marijo Gauthier-Bérubé
and Sarai Barreiro Argiielles, and a new student, David Légaré. Vincent Delmas of UM was busy this summer
finishing his PhD thesis, and Mathieu Mercier Gingras had to bow out at the last minute due to an illness in his
family. In addition, the project includes, besides Perry Colbourne and myself, Rebecca Mayus, a Notre Dame
University summer intern, and Wilfred Richard, who returned from a trip to Uummannaq, Greenland, just in
time to join us as we passed through Blanc Sablon in late July.

Project Background

Many archaeological surveys
and excavations have been
conducted on the LNS during
the past forty years, beginning
with Rene Levesque in the
1960-70s, Charles Martijn
in the 1970s, F. Niellon, and
J.-Y. Pintal from 1983-2000,
among others. Most of these
surveys concentrated in the
eastern part of the region
or were confined to village
and road or hydro salvage
projects. The Smithsonian
Gateways Project began in
2001 and has concentrated
on the outer island and
coastal regions between Blanc
Sablon and Cape Whittle
that have seen little previous
survey and almost no systematic excavation. Our work has expanded archaeological knowledge of this portion
of the LNS and has produced well-documented collections and extensive field reports and publications. The
2013 field season expands earlier priorities of the St. Lawrence Gateways Project by building on a strong base
of local community support and continues our partnership with the University of Montreal diving program,
the zooarchaeological and dendrochronology capabilities and students of the University of Montreal, and the
Quebec Conservation Center for conservation and laboratory analysis (Anja Herzog, Andre Bergeron). In
addition to student training, University of Montreal collaboration with scholars of ceramic analysis from the
Basque region of Spain has added new dimensions to our research. As shown by the recent CJA publication that
featured many of our finds (Loewen and Delmas 2012), our well-provenenced ceramics have stimulated strong
interest among Canadian and Spanish scholars.

Fig 4.00: (left to right) W. Fitzhugh, Rebecca Mayus, Marijo Gauthier-
Bérubé, Peny Colbourne, Erik Phaneuf, Sarai Barreiro Argiielles, and David
Légaré. Photo by W. Richard

Our research has been directed at establishing an archaeological record that can be used both for research
and education, as well as for cultural heritage, tourism, and economic development at the local community
level. Increasing numbers of tourists are now reaching the Lower North Shore and expressing interesting in

learning about its history and cultural features. Our Mecatina project has been collaborating with the local
Harrington Harbor Heritage Association and its new museum, and we regularly give lectures on our research

and host visitors at our site. A series of 1x2m posters
documenting our research has been prepared and
mounted in Rowsell House, the Harrington Harbor
community museum. We expect that our work this
summer will result in developing similar programs in
Brador, where we have had long-term association with
Clifford and Florence Hart, whose cabin is located at the
Hart site, and with the Quebec-Labrador Foundation’s
Serena Etheridge.

The primary purpose of the Gateways Project is
scholarly research aimed at increasing knowledge of
prehistoric and early historic cultures and relationships
of the Quebec Lower North Shore. The 2013 project
continues archaeological survey and excavation on the
Lower North Shore that the Smithsonian’s Arctic Studies
Center began in 2001. Following that season of regional surveys between Blanc Sablon and the Mingan Islands,
our research focused on the region between Blanc Sablon and Cape Whittle. Preliminary results have been
published in annual field reports and in papers that report discovery of Maritime Archaic longhouses, Groswater
and Inuit sites, and Basque and other European sites. Initially the goal was to track cultural connections between
LNS cultures and Newfoundland and Labrador.

Discovery in 2001 of a 16- 17 th C. Basque whaling and
fishing station at Hare Harbor, Petit Mecatina, prompted
multi-year excavations of its land and underwater
features. To date, these include a cookhouse (excavated
in 2002-3, 2008), a blacksmith site (2006-8), middens
(2006, 2012), and underwater components (2007-2012).

The latter include ballast dumps and stratified deposits
containing wood-working debitage, processed fish, bird,
and mammal remains, whale bones, and artifacts. Hare
Harbor is unusual in that it combines land and underwater
components at a single site, as occurred also at Red
Bay (Grenier et al. 2008), and for the presence of the
southernmost Inuit settlement known in eastern Canada.

In 2008, while completing the excavation of Structure 2,
we discovered a burned wooden floor paved with Basque
barrel staves beneath the stone floor of a blacksmith
shop. Upon this floor we found diagnostic Inuit artifacts,
including toy soapstone lamps, wick-trimmers, and bow fragments, as well as remains of a sub-surface Inuit-
style entrance passage. In 2009-10, we found two other Inuit structures at the west end of the site, and in 2011-
12, we excavated a midden associated with one of these dwellings (Structure 4). The 2013 season at Hare Harbor
was planned to continue the recovery of Basque and Inuit land midden materials and to expand the underwater
pits that produced an extraordinary number of fine Basque artifacts in 2012 as well as large samples of fish
and animal bones, wood debitage, and ballast rock—all providing information on economy, environmental
conditions, and climate history. The 2012 remains are currently being analyzed by experts in Quebec and
Montreal. Our field report (Fitzhugh and Phaneuf 2013) describes these latest findings.

6

Fig 4.02: Andre Bergeron, Chief of Quebec Con¬
servation Institute, amidst our still-to-be-pro-
cessed collections.

While our Lower North Shore work initially was to develop a better understanding of its culture history and
relationship of its aboriginal cultures with neighboring regions, the land excavations at Hare Harbor explored
the regions 16-17 th c. Inuit settlement and Inuit-European relations. This again was a focus of the 2013 project.
We are particularly interested in learning how and when Inuit first settled permanently on the LNS and how
they interacted with Basque and other European groups. Further, we needed to know about the Inuit economy
and whether their expansion into the LNS was influenced by the Little Ice Age climate that may have extended
southward Arctic resources (whales, walrus, ring and harp seals) that provided the economic basis for their
engagement with European and trade interactions with Inuit residing in central Labrador. Hare Harbor has
become an important site for its diverse ceramic collections and has stimulated considerable research on Basque
and European ceramic types, provenance, and dating.

A second 2013 objective was excavation of one of the Inuit winter houses at the Hart Chalet site in Brador. This
site is of particular interest because of its well-preserved midden containing Inuit food bone and ivory artifacts.
The preservation and conservation of these materials are important for scientific studies of climate as well as for
museum display, tourism, heritage, and economic development.

Reports and publications: Yearly archaeological reports, including a report of the 2012 season, have been
supplied to the Quebec Ministry of Culture and Communication and are also available on the Arctic Studies
Center website. These reports provide a narrative of the field projects, an archaeological report, detailed field
notes and maps; photographs of excavations and artifacts; maps and results of analytical reports, references, and
other data.

A report on progress up to 2005 was published in 2006 (Fitzhugh 2006), and several other reports on
Paleoeskimo (CAA paper 5/2007) and Neoeskimo (Copenhagen Thule symposium Oct. 2006) materials have
been published. A major multi-authored report (Fitzhugh et al.) appeared in 2011. A website was published in
2006 and was up-dated in May 2013. A series of museum display posters was prepared and is presented in the
Harrington Harbor Rowsell House Museum. A summary of our publications follows:

1992 The Gateways Project 2001: Archaeological Survey of the Quebec LoM’er North Shore, Gulf of St.
Lawrence, from Mingan to Blanc Sablon. 90 pp. 2001 Permit Report to the Quebec Ministry of Cultural Affairs.
Washington D.C.: Arctic Studies Center, Smithsonian Institution.

1993a The Gateways Project 2002: Suiweys and Excavations from Petit Mecatina to Belles Amours. 174
pp. 2002 Permit Report to the Quebec Ministry of Cultural Affairs. Washington D.C.: Arctic Studies Center,
Smithsonian Institution, (with Matthew Gallon).

1993b The Gateways Project 2003: Suiweys and Excavations from Hare Harbor to Jacques Cartier Bay. 196
pp. 2003 Permit Report to the Quebec Ministry of Cultural Affairs. Washington D.C.: Arctic Studies Center,
Smithsonian Institution, (with Helena Sharp)

2004 St. Lawrence Gateways Project: 2001-2004 Voyages. Website and CD: wAvw.mhn.si.edu/arctic . Arctic
Studies Center, Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C. (co-authored with Will Richard).

2004 Gateways Project 2004: Surveys and Excavations from Chevery to Jacques Cartier Bay. Edited by
William Fitzhugh, Yves Chrétien, and Helena Sharp. 209 pp. ASC 2004 Permit Report to Quebec Ministry of
Cultural Affairs. Arctic Studies Center, Smithsonian institution. Washington D.C. (compiled by Lena Sharp).
2006 The Gateways Project 2005: Suiweys and Excavations from Mutton Bay to Harrington Harbor Edited
by William W. Fitzhugh, Yves Chretien, Erik Phaneuf, and Helena Sharp. 56pp. 2005 Permit Report to Quebec
Ministry of Cultural Affairs. Arctic Studies Center, Smithsonian Institution. Washington, D.C.

2006 St. Lawrence Gateways Project. 2005 Field Report. The Provincial Archaeology’ Office Newsletter
Archaeology in Newfoundland and Labrador 4:25-31. Gov. of Newfoundland and Labrador. Department of
Tourism, Culture, and Recreation. St. Johns, (web publication).

2006 Cultures, Borders, and Basques: Archaeological Surveys on Quebec’s Lower North Shore. In: From the
Arctic to Avalon: Papers in Honour of James A. Tuck Jr. Edited by Lisa Rankin and Peter Ramsden. British
Archaeological Reports International Series 1507:53-70.

7

2006 Gateways Project: 2005 Field Report. In Archaeology in Newfoundland and Labrador 4:25-31. Edited by
Stephen Hull and Diana Mercer. Provincial Archaeology Office Newsletter. Government of Newfoundland and
Labrador, (web publication).

2007 Underwater Archaeology at the Hare Harbor Basque site, Petit Mecatina. Provincial Archaeology Office

2007 Archaeology Review 5:45-57. Edited by Stephen Hull and Delphina Mercer. Government of Newfoundland
and Labrador. Online at http://www.tcr.gov.nl.ca/tcr/pao/Newsletters/Newsletters.htm .

2008 The Gateways Project 2007. Land and Underwater Excavations at Hare Harbor, Mécatina , by William W.
Fitzhugh and Erik Phaneuf. Pp. 117, plus artifact catalog by Anja Herzog. Produced by Abigail McDermott and
Lindsey Fell. Arctic Studies Center, Smithsonian Institution, www.mnh.si.edu/arctic/publications/.html

2008 Excavations at the Hare Harbor Basque site (EdBt-3), Petit Mécatina, Quebec, 2008. Edited by Stephen
Hull. Provincial Archaeology Office 2008 Archaeology Review 6:38-50. Government of Newfoundland and
Labrador. Labrador, (with Erik Phaneuf). Online at http://wsvw.tcr.gov.nl.ca/tcr/pao/Newsletters/Newsletters.
htm

2009 Exploring Cultural Boundaries: the Less “Invisible” Inuit of Southern Labrador and Quebec. In On
the Track of the Thule Culture from Bering Strait to East Greenland, edited by Bjarne Gronnow, pp. 129-148.
Studies in Archaeology and History, 15. Copenhagen: National Museum of Denmark.

2009 The Gateways Project 2008. Excavations at a Basque and Inuit Site at Hare Harbor, Mécatina, by William
W. Fitzhugh and Ben Ford. Compiled by Abigail McDermott with artifact catalog by Frédéric Simard. Arctic
Studies Center, Smithsonian Institution.

2011 An Inuit Winter House on Petit Mécatina (Hare Harbor-1, EdBt-3) and Notes on the Harp Seal Failure
of 2010. Provincial Archaeology Office 2010 Archaeology Review 9:37-50. Department of Tourism, Culture and
Recreation. St. Johns, Newfoundland. http://www.tcr.gov.nl.ca/tcr/publications/index.html#Newsletter .

2011 The Gateways Project 2010: Land Excavations at Hare Harbor, Mécatina. Edited by William W.
Fitzhugh with photo contributions by Wilfred Richard. Produced by Lauren Marr. Washington DC: Arctic
Studies Center, 2011.

2011 Ship to Shore: Inuit, Basques, and Maritime Landscapes in the Northern Gulf of St. Lawrence. In
Maritime Archaeological Landscapes: Terrestrial and Underwater Sites, edited by Ben Ford. Society for
Historical Archaeology. Pp. 98-128. Springer Publications. (By William W. Fitzhugh, Anja Herzog, Sophia
Perdikaris, and Brenna McLeod)

2011 Identification de restes fauniques du site Petit Mecatina 3 / Hare Harbor 1 (EdBt-3), Basse-Cote-Nord,
Quebec Canada. University of Montreal Osteology Laboratory, (by Claire St. Germaine, in Fitzhugh 2011 above)

2012 Inuit Archaeology on the Quebec Lower North shore 2011. Provincial Archaeology office 2011
Archaeology: Review’ 10:63-76.

2012 The Gateways Project 2011: Land and Underwater Excavations at Hare Harbor, Mécatina. Underwater
report by Erik Phaneuf. Photographic contributions by Wilfred Richard. Produced by Lauren Marr. Pp. 1-178.
Arctic Studies Center, Smithsonian Institiution. Washington DC.

2012 The Basques in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Adjacent Shores. Canadian Journal of Archaeology 36:213-
266. (by Brad Loewen and Vincent Delmas)

2013 Basque and Inuit Archaeology at Hare Harbor-1 and Little Canso Island-1, Quebec Lower North
Shore. Provincial Archaeology: Office. 2012 Archaeology> Review> 11:48-73. Government of Newfoundland and
Labrador, (co-authors: Erik Phaneuf, and Vincent Delmas) http://wAvw.tcr.gov.nl.ca/tcr/pao/arch in nl/

2013 The Gateways Project 2012: Land and Underwater Excavations at Hare Harbor, Petit Mécatina,
and Little Canso Island. Washington DC: Arctic Studies Center, National Museum of Natural History,
Smithsonian Institution. (William W. Fitzhugh with contributions by Erik Phaneuf, Vincentl Delmas, and
Anja Herzog, Jennifer Poulin, and Lourdes Odriozola Oyarbide) http://www.mnh.si.edu/arctic/html/pdf/
fieldreport2012longFINAL.pdf

Prelude

This summer, the approach to the field was different than in recent years because Will Richard had been in
Greenland, so we did not drive north with him from Maine. Rather, Lynne Fitzhugh drove me to Montreal and I
flew to Deer Lake, meeting Rebecca Mayus, who arrived there from Washington a few hours earlier. I was lucky
to make it, as my Montreal-Toronto flight was delayed and I would have missed my Deer Lake connection had
I not been able to snag the last seat on an earlier Montreal-Toronto flight. Rebecca and I had arranged rooms in
the new Holiday Inn Express at Deer Lake and Perry met us there in the morning and drove us to Lushes Bight,
after a stop in Springdale to exchange money and pay Pitsiulak’s diesel fuel bill. This year, the Springdale Bank
of Montreal was located in a trailer across the street from its normal location because its original building had
burned down; “no loss of funds,” I learned from one of the tellers, who recognized me and quickly converted
my US funds to an almost equivalent amount in Canadian dollars (thank goodness). At the Long Island ferry
landing we discovered the “new regime” occasioned by schedule changes and the new policy that does not allow
the ferry to “clean up” traffic for Long Island if more than a ferry load turns up. We were two cars short of getting
on the 3:30 ferry and had to wait almost three hours for the ferry to return from Little Bay Islands and get us
across to Long Island, only a couple hundred meters across the tickle. More changes are in the works, because the
settlement of LB I is scheduled to be abandoned over the next couple of years and each of its 35-some households
are being offered $270,000 relocation compensation from the Newfoundland government. Whether or not this
will ease the strain on the Long Island crowd remains to be seen. While waiting for the ferry, Perry pointed
out an old gentleman by the name of Reginald Wise who was waiting in the LBI ferry line-up. To my surprise I
learned he was “the man who built Pitsiulak ” at the Twillingate shipyard back in the early ‘70s. I had only a few
minutes to speak to him because it was time to get aboard the ferry, but I got a snapshot and promised to phone
him up (709-273-2727, 709-626-4252) this fall and get an interview about his recollections. He said there were
some good stories to tell; he remembered Tony Morse.

We spent three days at Perry’s getting gear together. Perry had done his usual fine job preparing the boat, but
this year left the interior and blue sides alone as the paint job—that tough fiberglass paint—is holding up. All
gear is working well and the new radar-plotter is a great improvement, allowing charts and the radar image to
be displayed side-by-side; there is even an underwater feature in the new digital charts that shows the bottom
contours as you pass over them, based on the plotted chart soundings. Rebecca and I got settled in the boat and
that evening spent a hour kibitzing with the Colbourne brothers (Dennis, Melvin, Perry, and Peter (here for
holidays from Toronto with his family) and Uncle Jim Rice while they worked at cod fish they had caught earlier
that day. It was clear that the fish are coming back stronger than ever after decades of scarcity. These fish were
robust and some were as large as any they had seen in The good of days’. Most were being filleted for the freezer,
but a few they split for drying. Rebecca, Louise, and I had a great time seeing fish parts flying into the bucket and
hearing the crew toss stories and jokes back and forth. Louise is looking well after her year’s cancer treatment,
which involved many trips to Springdale and Grand Falls.

On Tuesday (23 July) Perry, Rebecca, and I drove to Gander to pick up the air compressor, dive tanks, and
weights from Robert and Kelly Linfield. The drive gave Rebecca a chance to see lots of northern Newfoundland
country, including a moose and calf feeding in a bog and another moose—this one dead beside the highway—
killed by a vehicle. The pick-up was delayed that afternoon because Robert discovered the choke on the gas
engine had rusted off. So he went out and bought a new engine and was installing it when we arrived. They
continue to run their small dive business—part equipment supply and part dive training—while juggling fishing
and sea urchin harvesting and finishing off their new home in Twillingate. We were pleased to hear that the
accidental addition of a bit of liquid soap to the engine’s oil reservoir last summer did no harm. The problem was
caused when a bottle labeled compressor oil’ got reused for detergent! While waiting for Robert’s installation we

9

had the worst Thai meal of our lives at a small non-Thai-staffed restaurant. Before returning to Lushes Bight, we
picked up small stores and food at shops in Gander and Grand Falls.

The next day Perry and Rebecca loaded gear on the boat while I drove Perry’s truck to Triton to pay Budgell’s
Sports for boat gear and supplies, the hardware store, and dropped by to find Jerry Jackson, boss of the diamond
drill operation based at what used to be the Triton marine center. I was hoping to see where he had found the
Maritime Archaic gouge or celt he showed me last year, but he was away for the week in Seattle. I returned on
the 12:30 ferry and spent the rest of the day with chores and email. That night, Rebecca, Louise, and I dropped
in at Maurice and Barbaras shed’ for an hour of socializing, also getting the low-down on the giant “sea serpent”
Maurice and a friend had created out of a driftwood log. Barb’s blog has all the details. Grandma Colbourne
dropped by for a visit while Louise was preparing dinner; she is as lively and spry as ever! The big social event of
the week at Lushes Bight was the build-up toward the wedding of one of the Bromley girls. Parties went through
much of the week and the wedding was to be on the weekend.

Thursday and Friday, 24-25 July: Lushes Bight to St. Anthony

Thursday was a day of rain and easterly wind, but Friday was a fine day, and we left about 6am, planning to get as
far as possible before running into predicted strong SW winds. We had a pretty uneventful departure from Green
Bay and proceeded to Fleur de Lys, thinking we would tie up there if the wind was building up. But it did not,
and so we struck out towards Englee and found only a light SW breeze, so continued on to St. Anthony, arriving
about 8pm. The most interesting feature of our crossing was the many encounters with humpbacks and white¬
sided dolphins. You could hardly scan the horizon without seeing another company of porpoises approaching
the boat to play in the bow wave for a minute or two, or see whales spouting. I’ve never seen so much marine
activity here. Perhaps this is coupled with the rising capelin and cod stocks. At the St. Anthony town wharf we
discovered the fresh water had been turned off, but Perry was able to get water from the neighboring fish pier,
and a shower as well.

Friday, 26 July: St. Anthony to Quirpon

We got an early start and found the conditions pretty calm, arriving about 10am at the Quirpon dock. I had
forgotten to bring my satellite phone from DC, but we got a lift from a neighbor of Boyce Roberts who appeared
at the dock, telling us that Boyce had just left for St. John’s, where he was starting a two-month treatment for
prostate cancer. Bummer! But his house was open and his neighbor gave us a lift to LAnse aux Meadows, where
we visited the Parks Canada Viking museum and site and then went for lunch at the Norseman Restaurant. Here
we found Gina and Adrian Nordof, and Jamie, Boyce’s
daughter, who has been working at the restaurant for years.

She graciously offered her van for as long as we needed. It
happened that we arrived in the middle of a two-week-long
Leif Erikson festival put on by the community, Parks, and
Norstead. The event was built around the installation of
a large bronze statue of Leif Erikson, a replica of the one
erected in Seattle in 1997 (also in Brattahlid, Greenland,
and in Trondheim), arranged through the efforts of the
Leif Erikson International Foundation (LEIF!) based in
Seattle. About fifty people had come for the event, which
included lectures and tours of the site by Parks official
Lorraine Decker, granddaughter of George Decker, who led
Helge Ingstad to the site in 1960. Many of the visitors were

from Seattle and some had met Elisabeth Ward when she applied for directorship of the Nordic Museum there
several years ago. They were delighted to hear she was being considered for an opening at Pacific Lutheran. At
the LAM Visitors Center I met Kimberlee Trainor, site manager for LAM, and later Trudy Taylor-Walsh and Fred
Sheppard, Parks Canada officials for visitor experience and outreach, respectively, for western Newfoundland.

All were eager to include the Smithsonian in future programs, and invited us to take part in the festival activities,
which included a lecture by an eminent professor of history at Trondheim University. For me the highlight of the
day was meeting up again with Benedicte Ingstad, who had just arrived in St. Anthony by plane and was having
lunch at the Norseman, where we were entertained by Wade Hillier, a regular at this fine restaurant, with his fare
of Newfoundland and other songs. After a few hours of email at Boyces house, we returned for dinner to the

Norseman and ate with Benedicte, Lorraine, and Benedicte’s
traveling companion from Oslo, a spirited woman having her
first experience with Newfoundland culture and hospitality. At
dinner I told Benedicte about my disappointment at not being
able to visit the LAM excavations in 1963, when Elmer Harp’s
crew spent a couple days there as a break from diggings at Port
au Choix. I had to leave for my Navy NROTC cruise just before
the crew left for LAM, and I told her of the anticipation that
the impending visit had created among the Dartmouth men
when Elmer described the beautiful young blond Norwegian
they would soon meet! We also had a nice discussion about
the search and supposed “rivalry” between Helge Ingstad
and Jorgen Meldgaard to find “Vinland.” She was aware that
Meldgaard was not the source of the international brouhaha
that got fanned up by the press and promoted by Aage Roussell
at the Danish National Museum, who tried to claim Meldgaard
had found the site first! Nonsense! Roussell should have
paid more attention to making better archaeological excavations at Norse sites in Greenland than to inciting
nationalistic controversy! Later Benedicte suggested she should accompany us to Quebec—a joke of course, since
she was due to leave for Norway soon. But maybe sometime in the future? She would love to revisit the Labrador
coast that she and her father cruised while searching for Vinland sites in 1961.

Fig 4.04: Rebecca Mayus and Viking boat at
L ’Anse aux Meadow’s site.

Saturday, 27 July: Quirpon

Today was a true foul-weather day. The reports on Boyce’s
television predicted ‘dangerous rain’ and it did indeed pour
like hell for much of the day. One consequence was that
our speedboat took on a couple of barrels of rainwater, and
when I came to pump it I found the outboard battery barely
up to the task. We decided the battery had crapped out and
spent an hour in a St. Lunaire service station trying to buy a
new one, but they could never get the owner (on the other
end of the phone, at home) to give a price. So we quit, and
later Perry pried off the battery caps and found a couple
of the cells were dry or low. After charging it started our
engine and seems fine now. So much for maintenance-free
batteries. We took a break from email to visit Benedicte’s

Fig 4.05: Fishing Boats at St. Lunaire.

book-signing at LAM and heard the tail-end of the Norwegian history professors talk. He has been allied with
the LEIF Foundation and was responsible for getting a replica of the Seattle statue of Leif erected in Trondheim.
Another was mounted on the hill above Erik the Red’s farm in Brattahlid, Greenland. After the talk, Lorraine
led the hardiest members of LEIF for a tour of the site in the pouring rain. Paul, one of the re-enactors, said the
reconstructed sod huts were being flooded out during the tour! Kimberlee and Trudie had invited us to the gala
from 7- 10pm. This turned out to be a wonderful affair, with several of the best restaurants in LAM-St. Lunaire
area providing the fare and a great program of entertainment and music by Lindy Vopnfjord, a fine singer-
songwriter from Toronto and a rendition of a saga by one of the Parks LAM re-enactors. A fine ice sculpture of
ship’s dragon heads had been a created by a artist who showered his audience with ice crystals as he carved two-
foot high ice-block creations. At the event I discovered Randy Letto, the economic development expert whom I
had met at the Rigolet Heritage conference in June.

Sunday, 28 July: Quirpon

Sunday was a better day with the sun out and a strong clearing wind from the east. Not a good day for us to
venture across the Strait, however, so we stuck around and went to the unveiling of the Leif statue at 1pm, next
to a charming amphitheater’ of rock outcrops where the landing dock meets the shore in front of the Norseman
Restaurant. All tourists coming in from the ships will be greeted by Leif, larger than life and facing east—
perhaps longing for his homeland? But shouldn’t he face
west, towards his new-found land? The ceremony was
graced by a four-person Norwegian group singing old
Norwegian songs. The LEIF officials spoke, as did a local
district politician and Lorraine Williams, leader of the
Newfoundland’s New Democratic Party (who recalled
her Near Eastern roots and her own western discovery
story!). The statue is a bit old-fashioned stylistically,
with Leif the Lucky standing, helmeted (no horns!) with
out-jutting jaw, heroic stance, sword and axe at his side.

We learned that the craftsman who did the cast slipped
a peace symbol into his clenched left hand (“something
to try and look for,” we were told). The casting job is
quite beautiful. Next to Leif stands a meter-high piece of
Icelandic columnar basalt which was supposed to carry
two plaques honoring those who donated to the project.

However the plaques turned out to be larger than the
stone, so a larger stone is being sought. Stay tuned!

Back at the boat we straightened things up and found
that our battery repair had worked; our engine started
promptly and bilge was pumped without problems. Very
glad we did not force the purchase issue of ‘the battery
from hell’ last night. While onboard, I was accosted by an
interesting fellow named Angus Simpson, whose brother
had been drifting off with motor troubles a couple days
ago. Apparently the Simpsons own (?manage?) Quirpon

Lighthouse Hotel, and according to Perry they own another similar property in NE Newfoundland. Angus is
helping his brother out now because he was recently let go after years of work with Parks Canada, managing

Fig 4.06: Leif under cover, before unveiling the Leif
Erikson statue at L ’ Anse aux Meadows.

various aspects of their relationship with the Nunatsiuvik Government, including raising funds and building
the new base camp at St. Johns Harbor in Saglek. He’s lived in Nain for eight years and got to know Stephen
Loring well on the trip to Ramah Bay a couple years ago. The base camp has living facilities for 15 or so people
and lab and cooking spaces. Transportation from the airstrip to camp can be difficult or impossible in heavy
seas as the boat landing at the airstrip gets pounded by surf. Angus says the US built a road partway to St. John
Harbor, where VIPs and officers were to live, but it ended at an impassible cliff. Good US military planning. The
Washington brass told the local construction chief, “Never mind the cliff, build it anyway!” Toward the end of the
afternoon, Rebecca and I went for a hike in the hills west of Quirpon harbor, following a path to a hilltop gazebo
overlooking the country. We foraged a bit further to the south, following RT V trails across a bog, inspected a
couple of small rock cairns, and experimented bush-whacking through some alders (to give Rebecca a sense
of the impossible). Fortunately, no bugs were out at all. For dinner we went to Northern Delight restaurant, a
bit north of Griquet. Wonderful fish and chips! Best I’ve ever had! For the past three days we’ve been driving
around, we have not seen a single moose. They seem to have completely vanished. Many must have been gunned
down as they had a very high quota here, but it’s strange not to see any at all after years when you’d see several in
the short drive from Quirpon to LAM. Back at Boyce’s, we showered, washed clothes and did email, returning
to the boat about 10 for a short night’s rest after leaving a thank you note to Jamie and Daryll for the use of
their van and Boyce’s home. I tried to call Boyce in St. John’s, but again could only leave a message for him and
Michelle on his cell phone.

Monday, 29 July: Quirpon to Brador

Finally a break in the weather! We woke at 4:45 to find only a light breeze and got underway by 5:15. It seemed
we might have a southwest wind developing as we passed Cape Norman, but once in the Strait the breeze died
to a whisper from the south and we made a very easy passage, sighting a Coast Guard vessel briefly at the Cape
and then only a few fishing boats along the Labrador shore. As we approached Blanc Sablon, the Apollo ferry
from St. Barbe, Nfld, crossed ahead of us and docked. We passed on further west and tied up at the Brador pier,
where we found men \are fishing for herring, cod, and lobster. We bought five lobsters from a couple of men who

were tending a lobster cage at the pier. There
was no cell phone service so Rebecca and I
walked up to Florence’s, where we found Marijo
and Sarai had arrived only a bit earlier. David
and Eric will fly direct to Harrington. The
principal news from Brador was evident from
the moment we tied up: black flies! Everyone
agrees that the flies are the worst they have seen
in many years, a consequence, probably, of a
wet spring. After getting the ladies settled, we
launched the inflatable and drove over to the
Hart Chalet site to check out the Inuit houses.
The grass was knee-high and lots of new trees
were taking root, crowding the clearing around
the house. Crawling around on our hands
and knees, we traced the outlines of the three
houses, all of which have been grown over. I had arranged with Florence to visit the site tomorrow morning to
decide which house we might excavate. It would be quite a chore to clear the trees from just one of them, and
with the small crew we will have when we return from Mecatina, we will only be able to explore a part of one
or more houses. At Florence’s, we met her daughter Sandy, who has come to visit for a few weeks to see her dad

Fig 4.07: House 1 at the Hart Chalet site before excavation.

1 5

and recover from an operation. Clifford is in much the same situation as last year—mostly unresponsive. There
is certainly no hope of recovery, but Florence still keeps his truck and all his gear as he left it—a matter of faith.
The girls made a pasta, carrot, and red pepper salad to go with the lobsters. We had the usual discussion about
changing our watches to Quebec time, one hour and a half later than Newfoundlands. This made it dark at 8
rather than at 9:30, and light at 4am. Who wants to be getting up that early! But if not, we lose the day and get
hit early by the Hare Harbor cliff shadow. One very nice development came with the girls’ arrival. They brought
four new sets of fittings for the dredge hoses we had not been able to obtain in Newfoundland. Excellent work
Mathieu!

Tuesday, 30 July: Brador to Cumberland Harbor

The bright pier lights shined through the boat windows all night, making it difficult to tell when the sun was up,
but by 6am I’d had enough sleep. Sarai was already up and about and we all soon were gathering for breakfast,
Perry emerging last. We changed our watches and had to adjust our bodies. The black flies had no apparent
issues with the clock and were plastered against the windows salivating on us as we ate oatmeal and bagels. A
couple of hours later, Florence showed up in her fly-proof gear to take us to the chalet site. The dirt road was
pretty pot-holed for her small car carrying six, but we made it to her place, which was looking well-kept up, with
a nice paint job and really nicely furnished interior. Downstairs living room, kitchen and bathroom, and upstairs
living room. Two bedrooms, and a veranda over the porch with big windows looking south over the bay, but now
mostly blocked by tree growth. The only problem was no running water for sink and bathroom. We made the
rounds outside, looking over the Inuit houses and decided which to test and clear, recognizing that we would not
have enough people and time to open a single house completely. Florence does not want the trees cut as they help
cut the wind during the winter storms; I think we can get enough access by clearing some of the lower branches.
The flies were plenty, but not horrendous as long as you used a bug net. Perry thinks he can anchor the Pits in
the shelter of the small islands offshore, so we will probably live on the boat and use the house for lunch, writing
notes, and a respite from the flies. After this visit, Florence took us to town to buy a new speedboat engine
battery and some groceries. We returned to her house for a nice lunch, some showers, and relaxation while we
awaited Will’s arrival on the St. Barbe ferry. He got in about 3pm and by 4 we were underway for Cumberland
Harbor across a nearly glassy Gulf. While passing Old Fort, we happened on a pod of killer whales, but could not
get close enough for good pictures. I guess they were feeding on fish, as they were spread out in small dispersed
groups. We only had one sighting of one group of five or six together but there may have been more. Will spent
quite a while regaling me with his recent trip with Lindsay to Uummannaq, Greenland, where they put on a
250 th anniversary of the founding of the town. Among the many visitors was one of the Adventure Canada cruise
vessels, and one of the guides and zodiac-drivers was Jane Thomson, whom I had seen with Callum and their
kids in DC in the spring. It sounds like the Uummannaq Polar Center under Ann Andreasen’s leadership is
getting to be a busy place, with several research and cultural fellows, including Will.

Wednesday, July 31: Cumberland Harbor to Hare Harbor

Morning came with a light SW wind, fog, and heavy mist. At 6am we could see all the hills, and Perry decided
he could navigate through the inner channels of the St. Augustine Rigoulette without any trouble using the new
radar and plotter, so we hoisted the anchor and proceeded through the beautiful foggy runs. I tried to raise Nick
Shattler (call-sign: Fred Boland’s Cove) but had no success. By 8am Channel 10 was alive with chatter, but we
were then far from his place at Cumberland Harbor. No one else was on the go, and since there seem to be few
bakeapples this year, the outer islands may be kind of quiet during August. The fog lifted as we approached La
Tabatière, but by then the wind was up in the southwest and we had to slog our way across the sound to Hare
harbor, which we reached about 1pm. A few lobster traps were still in the water, but they will be pulled in a day
or so since the season ends tomorrow. After a quick lunch, we piled into the speedboat and went ashore to set

up the site and begin cutting the grass and clearing some of the spruce thicket from the south outcrop, where
we will concentrate our work this year. We had tested this area, down slope from the cookhouse, at the end of
the season last year and plan to open that area up as we found lots of Basque materials in a deposit that was 40-
50cm deep and full of charcoal and cultural material. Setting the off-haul anchor in a strong on-shore wind was
a bit of a challenge, but it sufficed for today. Will and Marijo mastered the whipper-snappers and did a great
job clearing the grass and meadow vegetation from the lower part of the site. Some toads, a harp seal bone,
and roof tiles turned up in the process. The rest of us dove into the spruce thicket along the south ridge and
managed to push it back a couple of meters in a few places, but we will need the chain saw to make real progress
in this ‘tuckamore.’ The only good thing to mention is that we did not encounter a single mosquito or black fly.
Of course, the wind was pretty strong, so we’ll have to wait for a calm day for a final fly verdict. While we were

ashore, Perry installed some led lights around the
cabin to cut down on energy consumption. The
girls prepared a nice dinner combining Perry’s
moose meat, boiled potatoes, and rice. A bottle
of wine from Will’s case gave the meal a bit of
zest. By 10pm, everyone was asleep or reading in
bed, and the wind seemed to be dropping. I had
tried to reach Wilson and Christine Evans but
again got only a recording, so they are probably
on vacation somewhere (Mutton Bay, it turned
out). We need to get into Harrington to meet Erik
and David tomorrow and would rather not have
a bumpy ride. I called Lynne around lunchtime to
let her know we had arrived. She’s had a nice time
with a visit from her sister Kris, niece Jennifer,
and her two kids in Fairlee, and this week she will
be working with a team of volunteers on signage
for the Fairlee forest trails.

Fig 4.08: Hare Harbor - 1 Area 9 excavations, view SW.

Thursday, 1 August: Hare Harbor to Harrington

A misty, partly foggy morning, but the wind is down and a huge school of herring is being chased around the
harbor by mackerel or some other fish. A grampus whale also appeared, taking part in the feast. The herring
surface in a mad dash to avoid the swipes of their predators through the schools, leaping partly out of the water
and creating a swishing sound when hundreds of fish break the surface at once. Several gulls are floating in the
middle of the carnage, unperturbed. Last evening Perry spotted a bearded seal in the harbor, but there were
no seals around this morning. After breakfast we left for Harrington, finding the passage Tolly’ from swells left
over from yesterday’s wind, but otherwise gentle. Lots of gannets on the go this year; we saw several flocks while
passing the tip of Petit Mécatina. Just as we approached Harrington, Will fell down with a huge crash as the back
stairs collapsed when one of the fastenings gave way. Fortunately he and his computer were not hurt. Arriving
in Harrington, we discovered the new coastal boat Belles Deganiers at the pier, dwarfing everything in town.

It must be six stories above the waterline and has a huge crane on the stern for loading vehicles and containers.
She was built in Croatia until the yard went broke and then was finished in Italy and sailed across the Atlantic
this spring, encountering a huge storm en route that gave her a tough sea trail, which she passed with flying
colors. But then on a maiden run in the Gulf there were electrical problems and docking mishaps. Her powerful
propulsion systems and huge wind surface may prove to a problem for some of the docks she will be tying up to
along this coast, if her thrusters start undermining the flimsier piers. Also at the pier was the S. V. Hillary: from

Portsmouth, New Hampshire, with Steven
Swanson and Sandra Eberle on board, both
having worked in DC, he I think in the oil
business and she in a federal agency. I met
them here last year. They’re on their way to
Battle Harbor now and have friends in Little
Bay Islands, the town slated for closure near
Perry’s home.

Our friends in Harrington were all fine and
reported no big news or events of note, other
than a central water service that is supposed
to be installed this year, supplied by reservoir
water. Tests for artesian wells failed to find
water a couple years ago. The winter was very
mild once again, and it was only possible
to use the ice bridge to the mainland for
ten days. On the other hand there seem to have been many adult harp seals on the ice in December, but few
hunters went after them. I have not yet heard about the pupping situation. We provisioned at the store, finding
Paul, Cynthia, and Mark in good spirits. Keith Rowsell said the Heritage Center had lost some core government
funding but was getting by; Monica is still in charge and this summer is being assisted by Sarah Vatcher-Evans,
who is quite a young lady now and will finish high school in Chevery next year. Christine and Wilson just
returned from a visit to Mutton Bay, where Christine’s parents are fine. Alexandra is in Montreal attending art
school, having a blast and getting lots of small art contracts. Sounds like Christine’s parents (Vatchers) will move
to Montreal for a year to be near some of their grandchildren. Our crew had showers and did laundry at the
Evans’, and Christine had us for lunch and a fine codfish dinner, topped off with strawberry-rhubarb pie. Wilson
has bought another boat—this one for duck hunting—and is building a garage and garden house. He presented
me with a new shovel to replace the one he dropped overboard when he was repairing the handle during our

end-of-season party at Hare Harbor last year.

He also loaned Marijo an air hose for her dry
suit. Another bit of provisioning was securing an
emergency oxygen tank from the hospital. Word
had spread about our return after Wilson got my
phone messages from last week, but we still had
lots of explaining about why we were returning
after saying we wouldn’t last year. Weather stayed
beautiful all day, and the wind shifted to the north
overnight.

Friday, 2 August: Harrington to Hare Harbor

By 5:30 it was no longer possible to sleep because
mosquitoes found an open pilothouse window.

My berth on the pilothouse floor was their first
port of call; the night before it was the buzzing
alarm, now the bugs. But the weather was fine and
by 7:30 we were underway for Hare Harbor in a

light SW wind. After arriving, we had breakfast and prepared for the first day of real archaeology. The dive team
organized their dredge gear and the land team—Will, Rebecca and me—went ashore with the chain saw to do
some damage to the tuckamore forest that had grown up along the south ledge below the cookhouse. Will carved
away at the big trunks with the saw while Rebecca and I hacked at the branches and small stuff with pruning
saws. We eventually pushed back the bush about 4-6 meters. The dive team got their gear on the bottom by noon,
and we all returned to the boat for a lunch of soup and sandwiches. I tried to call Anja Herzog to see whether
she would join us, but could not get through. The afternoon produced some real archaeology for the first time
since leaving Washington. The dive team got in two dives with two divers each, working on an extension of the
22-foot-deep squares at the top of the stone piles that were so productive last year. The new pits, C3-3 and C3-4,
abutt C3-5. They were able to grid them out and begin excavation. On land we opened new squares, OS 8W and
4S 8W, in Area 9, north and south of Will’s pit of last year, 2S 8W. The north wall of OS 8W falls on a 10-25 cm
high ledge that runs downslope south of the site’s major drainage. When we cleared the sod we found this low
wall was composed of crushed roof tiles, probably to keep water out of the area to the east. The rest of the upper
level of the square seems to be a dump, having lots of tiles, charcoal-stained soil, a few nails, flint fire-starter
chips, and the odd ceramic and glass piece. Will’s square had fewer tiles and more ceramics and black earth. The
function of this area remains unknown, but its deep deposits of tile, charcoal, metal and ceramics is what drew us
back for investigation this year. Hopefully we will find a structure. Best guess is that it is a charcoal-production
facility like the areas on the northern side of the site; but the difference is the presence of lots of earthenware
and finished tools like metal and a whetstone found in Will’s pit last year. The only wildlife we saw on land was
a toad. No sign of peregrines yet. Dinner was codfish, rice, and a great salad, prepared by Erik and Sarai, and
washed down with a bottle of Will’s Reisling. Dessert was chocolate cupcakes Sarah made for us yesterday. She is
headed for baking school in Montreal and has inherited her mother’s gift for cooking.

Saturday, 3 August 2013: Hare Harbor

The weather reports were ominous for today, calling for southeasterly wind increasing to 40k/hr in afternoon
and evening, but at least for the morning the wind was down and conditions okay for diving and digging. Will
had garnered all the ingredients for his famous pancakes, this time with raspberries fresh from the steamer. The
divers were running two teams, each doing a dive in the morning and afternoon, four dives every day, which
will maximize manpower/time on the bottom. Today they began proper excavations and turned up some large
ceramic fragments, one perhaps the bottom of a large bowl and other ceramics, a walnut (?) shell, a lump of
pitch for caulking boats, and lead shot. Marijo spent much of her afternoon dive moving ballast rocks out of her
square. Lots of artifacts and interesting materials are found between the rocks, which indicates dumping episodes
from multiple voyages. They noticed that last year’s dredging at the north end of the stone piles had deposited
back-dirt onto the upper parts of the stone piles, filling the cracks between the rocks—woe to the lobsters within!
While they were working, one of the Harrington fishermen came by to pull the lobster trap that was set amidst
the ballast piles—the trap Erik had said had a 3-pound lobster inside. Now that the lobster season was over, I
don’t know how much longer that lobster would have stayed in that trap if the fisherman had not shown up.

On land we opened two new squares—4S 8W, south of Will’s test square last year, and 2S 10W, next west from
the 2012 square. We decided to excavate only the turf and upper black earth, leaving the tile level intact for an
overall photograph. 4S 8W was quite muddy, but Will found several pieces of earthenware and nails, and a 30 cm
long piece of baleen. 2S 10W produced several nails, a fragment of a grindstone, and a few pieces of EW. OS 8W,
whose upper levels Rebecca and I excavated on Friday, had a linear mound of roof tiles making a low wall along
the north side of the square, and this wall extends several meters more down-slope to the west. The feature seems
to be designed to keep run-off channeled down the middle of the site, keeping it out of the area we are now
working. That square produced a few nails and a piece of pumice, the second one found at the site. Erik roasted

17

chicken for diner, which we ate with salad and rice. The storm that had been predicted seems to have fizzled; at
least it did not reach us, although swells from the southeast suggested some heavy winds in the southern part
of the Gulf. I reached Anja in the evening by sat phone and found she had decided not to come due to the high
travel cost and limited time available.

Sunday, 4 August: Hare Harbor

It poured rain during the night and waterfalls were cascading down the cliff onto the site. We took advantage of
the weather to sleep until 7:30, when I started a French toast breakfast. The divers were off to work first, and the
land crew set out about 10:30 after the rain stopped. Rebecca and I excavated 6S and 8S/10W, in the rock pile
under the former spruce thicket while Will began excavating 0S/10W, which had a continuation of the rock and
tile barrier along the west side of the square; no doubt, the site occupants were trying to keep water out of their
work area. We found 4S/8W totally flooded, and other squares nearly so, and had to cut drainage
channels to let the water out. This was only partly successful and we could not work on several squares for the
rest of the day. During the afternoon we photographed all the squares to get an overview of the upper level
tile distribution; tiles were almost everywhere, just beneath the sod, but were densest on the barrier along the
0 South line and around what we have determined to be a large hearth mound in 2S/10W with various soil
types, including charcoal, brown hearth earth, burned tiles, small areas of burned bone, and mixtures of the
above. Toward the end of the day we found a hearth soil level that started to yield artifacts, but so far only small
fragments of white glazed earthenware and nails. Will found the same white glazed ware in 0S/10W.

By the end of the day the weather had never really cleared and fog rolled in for a couple of hours. We arrived
back at the boat to discover what might have been a killer for the underwater project. While filling dive tanks
the compressor purge screw dropped and fell to the main deck. Miraculously, it rolled into the scupper hole and
came to rest on the rubbing strip outside the hull, less than an inch from going overboard. We’ve got to be careful
about overdoing our good fortune! (But see Brador below!) Will made a spaghetti dinner with his trumpet
mushrooms and produced a couple of bottles
of Charles Shaw red wine. After dinner there
was lots of discussion about differences
between Canada and the US, Quebec and
Canada, private vs. public schools, and arctic
exploration. Perry planned a bakeapple
foray, but time ran out and the excursion was
postponed.

Monday, 5 August—Hare Harbor

Today was a fair day all around—not a sunny
gorgeous day, but a day good for work. During
breakfast, a wildlife official came zipping
around the harbor, checking to be sure all
the lobster traps were pulled up. The divers
spent the entire morning taking coordinates
for the underwater grid units and a small
series from each of the major excavation areas on land. When Erik plotted them out on his computer, at least
all the underwater and land points plotted at sea and on land—a good start, but his GPS is only good for 3 m
resolution. During the afternoon, the two teams dove and recovered more nut shells, lead shot, the bottom of an
earthenware vessel, large pieces of a lusterware bowl, a leather shoe, a small wooden barrel pin, and bird bones.
We are already talking about what are duplicates and what could be abandoned to save conservation costs: shoes

Fig 4.11: HH-1, Working on flooded squares.

and rope, for starters.

On land we continued working on 1S/10W (WF and RM) and 2S/10W (WR), mucking our way down in the
waterlogged soil. Will found black earth with charcoal and tiles continued right down in between the beach
cobbles to a depth of 35 cm. 15-20 pieces of
an earthenware vessel came from a meter
area—almost certainly a single vessel, and a
couple pieces of yellow-glazed EW. Nothing
else except some nails and spikes. We did not
excavate beneath of tile barrier mound at the
north side of the dig area. A small bit of tan
hearth earth was present in the SE corner of
the unit, and below that, black charcoal-filled
soil with tiles. Most of the rest of the square
was a homogeneous deposit of black earth
mixed with tiles. Several large rocks had been
placed in the southern end of the unit; they
may have been part of the hearth in 2S/10W.

Nails, tile, and charcoal were present in the

black earth from the turf to the crevices fig 4 7 2: Rebecca Mayus and Erik Phaneuf enjoying lunch on

between the beach rocks. Here there was no (j 7e pp s
sterile peat layer between the cultural level
and the beach rocks.

2S/10W presented a much more complicated picture. Fortunately most of the hearth that dominates this unit
is contained within this unit, although its eastern portion reached into 2S/8W, excavated last year. Inside the
hearth, tan hearth soil—a silty-sandy-clayey mix—appeared just beneath the turf and dominated the upper
portion of the hearth to a depth of 15-20cm. This layer contained a few nails, small pieces of crazed white glaze

EW (also found in 02/10W), and a few pieces
of plain EW. The hearth was mounded up
15cm higher than the surrounding terrain
and was defined by a rough circle of roundish
rocks. Outside the hearth was black earth
filled with tile fragments, forming a ring
around the hearth. In this deposit we found
nails but little else. In the southern part of
the hearth a patch of tan soil with charcoal
produced a concentration of EW sherds, some
with yellow glaze, nails, calcined bone, and
other material. As we excavated further, the
base of the hearth was found to be paved with
flat slabs of mica schist and other rock types,
forming a solid pavement. We photographed
both of these squares and Rebecca drew the
Fig 4.13: HH-1, Area 9 expanded excavations with flooding. rock distributions.

View SW

0S/8W Meanwhile Will and I returned to 0S/8W which we had abandoned several days ago, and removed all
the tiles we had exposed and began digging the black earth layer, which, in the southwestern part of the square
was packed with tiles—apparently as a dump or fill, with tiles often lying at angles or even vertical. The SE part of
the unit had few tiles and the black earth was largely distributed between small rocks.

Dinner was spaghetti with white sauce flavored with bacon, green beans with mushrooms, and a kind of
raspberry tart Marijo baked in the oven. David passed around his large bottle of scotch (which he nursed along
for nearly ten days, always sharing) and we discussed the problems of dating the Hare Harbor site. The wind
remained nil or calm all day, and yet there were no mosquitoes or black flies. For a while blue sky appeared,
advancing from the west; but then it was replaced again by clouds. We heard some falcon-like squalls from
the cliff today, and a raven came calling, alighting on the south ridge to peer at us for a minute. Perry and Erik
explored for bakeapples at the cabin site south of Hare Harbor but were only able to collect a small pail. Erik has
been trying for mackerel for a few days and today caught one, which he iced down hoping for to catch more for a
full meal. In the end the meal plan failed and his lonely mackerel was returned to nature.

Tuesday 6 August—Hare Harbor

By two or three o’clock a northeast wind had risen, forcing me to get up and close the screen window and plug
up the gurgling sink drain. Morning brought a dismal view to the east, followed by rain until 11 o’clock. Will
absorbed the extra time with a bakeapple
pancake breakfast. The divers went out and
cleared a field of small fist-size beach cobbles
from their squares. We’ve never seen such small
ballast stones before and wonder what they
signify. Some flint is among them, and Marijo
collected broken flint cobbles. Is this ballast for
shalloops, or large vessels (why is it found here
only in one small place? perhaps contained in
barrels or bags? A basement for a ship-board
tryworks?). Fish bone, a lead-tin (?) strap with
drilled holes, worked wood, and more pieces of
the chaffing bowls found last year also appeared.

We have hopes we will be able assemble at
least one complete chaffing vessel with these
new pieces. Over the past couple of days there
has been a personnel shift in the diving teams,
formerly of mixed gender. Now that the ladies
are staying underwater longer than the men, we
are maximizing bottom times by having female and a male dive teams.

Will, Rebecca, and I busied ourselves with paperwork until the sun came out at noon and then went ashore.

We had a productive afternoon until a large black cloud advanced over us and we returned to the Pits in case it
should bring strong wind. I feared the anchor might have been fouled by the chain during the many wind shifts
of the past few days, so we pulled it to check and found it clear. Nothing much came of the storm but more rain.
By sundown more waterfalls were gushing from the cliffs. The site is going to be a mess again tomorrow.

I continued work on the hearth square, 2S/10W, clearing tiles from around the western hearth periphery where

Fig 4.14: HH-1, A9, 2S/10Whearth, view East.

20

Fig 4.15: HH-1, Broken European flint cobbles from underwater
ballast dump. Photo by W. Richard

Will and Rebecca continued work on
0S/8W, with its ledge and tile barricade.
Very little was found in the eastern side of
the unit except large beach boulders and
one interesting EW rim sherd. However, the SW quadrant produced lots of earthenware, some plain and some
yellow-glazed, flint, nails, and a small, thin, round wafer-lilce disc of lead with no markings or other signs of use
or function; it may be sprue left over from bullet-making. There is lots of evidence of lead shot underwater. All
of this material, as in 0S/10W came from the deepest black earth deposit, only a few cms above sterile ground,
or in crevices between beach rocks. Once again this seems to indicate that the ground cover was removed from
the site by fire or stripping, allowing artifacts to
accumulate directly on sterile ground without any
intervening peat layer. However in 2S/10W I did find
sterile peat west of the hearth.

Erik prepared a dinner of Perrys moose meat, peas,
and scalloped potatoes. Rain continued into the
evening, ensuring a drowned site in the morning.

We tentatively plan to run to Harrington tomorrow
evening to be on hand for the fresh supplies from
the ferry on Thursday morning. With so much
working with computers, electronic cameras, etc., the
generator has been on all day. So far very little natural
history to report after the episode with leaping
herring. Only the scattered mackerel, the lobsters,
toads, and a falcon screaming on the cliff, but no
young ones seen yet. Maybe during the coming week. Fig 4.16: Piece of chaffing bow>l from underwater side.

Photo by W. Richard.

Wednesday 7 August: Hare Harbor to Harrington

Nice and clear this morning with fluky breezes until mid-afternoon when a consistent SW breeze settled in,
and it was sunny all day for a change. When we got to the site we found our squares all full of water and water
streaming down through the site area. Clearly water must have been a major problem for the original occupants

they seem to have been used as a kind of
fire buffer. The brown sand is only found
inside the hearth ring, and outside the
hearth one finds only black charcoal- and
carbon-rich soil filled with tile fragments
and the occasional nail. In the lower black
earth, heavily enriched with charcoal, tiles
disappear and pottery, nails, and strike-a¬
light flakes appear. This layer grades into
sterile undisturbed peat. One interesting
find was the rim of a yellow-glazed
dish, reminding me of the one from the
blacksmith shop, supposedly one of the
earliest pieces of ceramic on the site. In this
hearth square it is at the base of the deposit.

21

and helps explain the profusion of tiles
found especially in the wet areas, laid down
for “exterior flooring”. However only in
the blacksmith shop area did they actually
prepare a raised pathway of broken tiles. We
tried to bail the squares, but too much water
was flowing in, so Will and Rebecca started
new squares in drier areas. Will’s was a one-
meter square (4S/6.5W) between the large
boulders between A9 and the cookhouse
Al. This turned out just as wet as the other
squares, but it soon began to produce
interesting ceramics, including fragments of
a porringer with very soft paste and all but a
few patches of its glaze spalled off. Sherds of a
couple other ceramic types also appeared. In
the afternoon we decided to expand this to a
2 x2 m square.

Rebecca was working on a unit at the terrace front, 8S 14W, that seemed to have an unusual cluster of large
boulders. Initial work produced a couple of seal ear bones, some mammal longbone fragments, and a large nail.
Under the turf a 5-10cm layer of black earth is present with tiles fragments and charcoal, and below that, sterile
peat and beach rocks. Other than drainage problems, this was the nicest day we’ve had for work on shore.

The divers were wet anyway, so the rain only made the upper ten feet of water in the harbor murky red from
tanic water and grass washed from the land. However, they had other problems in the ‘bad luck’ category.

Toward the end of his dive, Erik discovered his G11 Canon case half filled with seawater, caused by his having
caught part of a strap in the rubber seal. He rinsed it in fresh water and dried it out, to no avail. (My Gil, doused
in rainwater in Vermont, still functions but drains its battery and has a fatally-scratched lens.) Then Marijo
got beaned on the head by a ballast rock that rolled off the pile into her excavation pit. She decided not to dive

during the afternoon as a result. One of the interesting
finds of the day was an ivory bead. We confirmed that the
small fist-sized cobbles are ballast and not beach rock.

Toward the end of the afternoon I set out to explore the
cliff break-down area to see if I could learn more about
tryworks or other structures and the timing of the cliff
rock-fall. The vegetation growth is thick—alder, dwarf
birch, fireweed, ferns and other species-—so I could not
see much of the ground. I looked under the huge blocks
but did not see much of interest. However, about ten
meters north (upslope) of the shore where we first found
tiles eroding, I was able to dig a test pit and found tiles in
the black soil. Below a heavy growth of firn roots was a
brownish soil with some tile fragments, and below that,
a grey marine clay, also with tiles and a piece of worked

Fig4.18: Gang outside Paul Row sell s Shop in Har¬
rington. Photo by W Richard

Fig 4.17: Will photographing Area 9 grid.

22

quartz. Excavating into the beach bounders I found more tiles, some wedged between beach rocks and mixed
with clay. Many of the boulders have air spaces between them. This and the presence of clay suggest these rocks
were dislodged from glacial marine deposits during a rockfall event. If this clay was an in situ marine deposit
there could be no air spaces and no way for tiles to become incorporated. There are also tiles in the black soil
above the boulders, perhaps indicating continued use of the site after the rockfall.

We broke camp and headed for Harrington at about 5:30 and had a smooth passage. In Harrington we bought
hamburger meat and Maryjo made spaghetti. The dock is almost empty, but tomorrow the ferry will arrive. We
have clothes and bodies to wash, and fresh food to buy.

Thursday, 8 August: Harrington to Hare Harbor

I woke to Paul Rowsells voice concerning the arrival in a couple hours of the Bella Desgagnés. By 7am we were
up and doing chores—watering the boat, getting diesel fuel and gas for the pumps, fish from the plant, and after
the new food brought by the ferry appeared on the CMR Sales shelves, buying groceries. Showers and laundry
topped the list of personals, and making some home calls and catching up on email—something I never got a
chance to do before we left. Three kayakers from Montreal got off the ferry and sat on the dock organizing their
gear for a trip through the islands to St. Augustine. The day was beautiful and it should do much to dry out our
soggy site squares, but the prognosis for the next few days is not encouraging, with southern wind and showers
tomorrow and strong SW winds on Saturday. Christine threw a nice lunch for us, including some of her old
friends who arrived on the ferry—Sally Chislett and her husband (Steve?). Steve grew up in Blanc Sablon and
Sally is from Harrington area. They live in Sutton, Eastern Townships now, but for years were in Quartaq, where
they knew Paul Jararuse. They were interested to hear about our new Lucien Turner publication on the mammals
of Ungava, by Scott Heye and Kris Helgen. I had
a nice conversation with Lynne in Vt and learned
that our dog, Mikki, might be in the early stage of
kidney failure. Lynnes been working on her talks
for the Adventure Canada cruise next month and
is having Nicole in DC scan some slides for her.

Paul Rowsell and Wilson Evans are getting ready
for a contract job in Kegashga, moving some huge
concrete blocks for a pier foundation. Sounds
dangerous because they will use air bags in big
canvas sacks to lift the blocks, which Wilson has
to deal with underwater, but they are taking it as
an interesting challenge and something of a “guys
lark” according to Christine.

We left Harrington in mid-afternoon and
found the breeze light, from the northwest, and
arrived at Hare Harbor about 4:30—too late
for archaeology but ideal for a couple hours
of gamboling ashore. Perry went for bakeapples (few and mostly not quite ripe) while the others climbed the
hills along the south shore and repaired the missing head from the inuksuk they built a couple years ago. Will
started reading Anne Stine Ingstad’s book on LAnse aux Meadows, and I finished editing a chapter on ïtelmen
and Kamchadal canoes. I made a baked codfish and potato casserole for dinner. Were hoping for a good day
tomorrow. Only six days left before Erik and David leave, and six more before Marijo and Sarai leave from Blanc
Sablon. A very quiet night outside. Lots of phosphorescence in the water. We’ve had no more sign of herring,

25

seals, peregrines, or whales.

Friday, 9 August 2013—Hare Harbor

The weather reports for the next week sound bad-to-poor for land archaeology: showers and fog predicted
for today, southerly gale for tomorrow, and high chance of showers almost every day for the coming week.

By Wednesday we have to finish up and get Erik and David to Harrington for the flight out on the 15 th . This
morning broke ominous with low clouds and misty rain, but by noon it was drying up, the wind slowly rising
from the southwest. Will made some bakeapple pancakes, and by about 8:30 we got to the site.

I started where I left off Wednesday afternoon, scrounging among the rockfall for possible tryworks or pier
foundations. There were more tiles along the shore and in the landwash west of our boat shore-fast, but when
I went upslope looking in the crawl spaces beneath the huge rockfall blocks I found no tiles. I still need to look
further west, north of the ballast piles. We’ve never checked this area, which would be the logical spot for people
to get ashore from anchored boats. Small boat transfer would be cumbersome, so piers would have been an
advantage, but despite looking, I found no traces. Marijo reported thick clay deposits at the base of the cultural
deposits in her pit, resting on sterile sand. That clay might be the same I found mixed with tiles and beach
cobbles yesterday.

Rebecca spent the morning on 8S/14W, finding only tiles in the humic/black earth soil, resting on beach cobbles.
Most of the rocks are in situ beach sets—no chance for an interesting feature here. During the afternoon she
shifted to 0N/8W, making a rock map and excavating the remaining lower deposits. In a small pocket between a
couple beach cobbles she found calcined small bird bones mixed with brown hearth soil, probably a small dump
from the nearby hearth. Some bones are identifiable. It seems likely that these deposits, including our big hearth,
are part of the early Basque component on the site.

I picked up work on Will’s first square, 4S/8W, abandoned a few days ago when it flooded. This unit began to
produce ceramics immediately, mostly varieties of tan earthenware. In one location 1 found a cluster of marmite
sherds, two fitting pieces with check-stamp decorative bands. Most of these sherds came from the lower part of
the black earth, below the tile concentration and therefore from the early stage of occupation before tiles were
spread about to deal with the soggy soil. At the end of the day I uncovered a smashed cup, upside-down. Photos
should help reassemble it, but we ran out of
time for detailed in situ recording; several
fragments were buried and are not in the
photo. There were very few nails and only
earthenware. Small eroded fragments of a
glazed porringer were also recovered, but with
no glaze intact.

Will continued at 4S/4W between the large
boulders. The lxl he excavated earlier was
so productive we expanded it to a full 2x2.

Almost immediately he found an iron adze
at the top of the culture layer and soon after,
numbers of sherds and other materials,
including rim and shoulder fragments of
a strap-handled jar, marmite parts, grey

Fig 4.20: Iron adze from A10.

stoneware, more parts of the EW porringer found here yesterday, a sandstone whetstone, spikes, and the side
wall of an Inuit soapstone pot with mending holes. The stoneware and soapstone link this material to the
cookhouse, only a few meters upslope, making this probably the SI midden. Perrys intuition was correct about
this being a good place to excavate! We will consider opening more squares on the bank between here and the
cookhouse.

Fearing the gale and rain coming tomorrow would fill our squares, we worked until dark and then returned to
the Pits, where Erik had prepared a meal of pork chops and salad. The wind remained calm, the barometer is still
steady, it’s cloudy, and a few showers passed by during the evening. We had a problem with the spark plugs for
one of the pumps and don’t have replacements. Fingers crossed. My Gl 1 Canon is occasionally giving me a blank
picture screen. Can’t figure out why, but after awhile, the picture appears. Erik will try it in his waterproof casing
tomorrow, replacing his Gil that got zapped by saltwater, so he can continue his underwater recording. The salt
water also zapped his data chip. Fortunately my camera worked fine.

Saturday 10 August: Hare Harbor

A bad weather day, all day. It started with hard rain much of the night and blowing mist and rain throughout the
day, clearing only in late evening, but with a strong SW wind continuing through the night. Erik and David dove
to take pictures and extend the grid, but by the time they came up the rain was pelting down and Perry’s survival
suit was starting to soak through, so we cancelled all work for the rest of the day and hunkered down in the Pits.

I edited some chapters of the boat mss. In the early afternoon we had some excitement when Perry suddenly
exclaimed, “We’re dragging out the bay!” And pretty fast too. Had we not noticed we would have landed on the
rocks along the north side of the harbor entrance. Engine on! Small boats secured! Man the anchor winch! In a
few minutes we had the anchor up and found it clear, not fouled; so we have no explanation for why we dragged.
We set it again and it held well, through the night and into a much windier Sunday, with gusts to 30-40 knots. I
made a supper of the rest of the codfish and Rebecca and I made a cabbage cole slaw. Marijo prepared bakeapple
crisp. The evening stayed relatively calm, wind in the SW 15-20 knots but manageable enough so I did not feel
compelled to get up and check our
position. We have only four days
left for work.

The divers have been coming up
with great stuff, shoes (most to be
returned to the deep because of the
Quebec conservation charges we
would incur if we collect them),
parts of porringers, bird and fish
bones, and large and small whale
vertebrae. Their big surprise was
the small-stone ballast in addition
to large ballast stone that they have
had to remove from to get at the
lower deposits. This slowed the
project down and may cost us the
chance of doing a couple more units.

Sunday 11 August, Hare Harbor

Fig 4.21: Serai, David, and Marijo relaxing in Pitsiulak galley.

2 ^

Very windy, but clear, this morning. The barometer is still down four points from where it was (29.5 inches)
when the storm started Friday night, so it’s going to take some strong wind to blow it up again. So far, as of mid¬
afternoon, Sunday it is still sitting at 29.1 even after a day of blowing. Nevertheless, the wind was not so strong
this morning and we decided to dive and work ashore. The divers got two dives in and worked on profiles and
cleaning up their units. A few more pieces of the blue faience bowl appeared, so now we have a good idea of its
shape and decoration. On shore we found our
pits still about half full after a day with no rain.

I was able to finish the south side of 4S 8W
before having to quit because of new flooding.

Finds included more earthenware cooking
pots, a piece of white starter flint, and a nail.

One of the basal pieces of EW had a remnant
green-yellow glaze. Rebecca finished work on
8S/14W, finding only a few tiles and a nail,
and no ceramics or other artifacts. A few large
rocks were placed on the surface, but all other
rocks are in the beach deposit; no midden
here. Will completed 4S/4W, recovering several

fitting rim and handle pieces of a cooking
pot, a short piece of baleen, and a nail. I spent
much of the morning recording finds from his
square and 6S/8W, left over from Friday afternoon. Before leaving for lunch I weed-whacked the bank between
A9 and SI and laid out a couple of new squares between the SI Cookhouse and Will’s 4S/4W, which hopefully
will hold lots of SI midden material. Miraculously, the grids from SI and A10 match within lOcms. This is hard
to believe considering all the datum movements we have had since 2002. On board, Marijo found an illustration
of a jar in an article on Basque ceramics that had colorful flower decoration like a unique piece Will found in
4S/4W, so this is a good sign of its being contemporary with the occupation.

Fig 4.22: Pieces of a lusterw’ are porringer.
Photo by W. Richard.

Fig 4.23: Will and Rebecca excavate S-J midden in Area 10. View North

Surf was up at the landing site
when we returned for lunch
(Erik’s “Brazillian beef” soup
and David’s sandwiches) but
when we were ready to return
to the site the wind had risen
and whitecaps were starting
to lose their tops, ca. 25-30
knot gusts, so we called off
work and waited for the wind
to drop. Will photographed
some of the underwater
artifacts and the divers
worked on profiles and plans.

About 4:30 pm the wind
suddenly died. There was no
time to organize a dive, and

Will was busy photographing the underwater finds with Erik. Rebecca and I returned to the site to record her
8S/14W square and turf two new A10 squares, 2S/2W and 4S/2W. These units are only one meter west of the Si
excavation of 2002/3. If we are lucky we may be able to connect these two excavations, ten years apart. While
turfing 4S/2W I found a large oval while bead with blue stripes, an earthenware bowl rim with a collar like ones
we’ve seen on grey stoneware, a sherd of grey stoneware, and some nails. Rebecca found a couple of nails. We
returned about 6:30 when the wind became gusty again, this time from the north. Will had prepared a spaghetti
dinner with his home-grown black trumpet mushrooms. Duxing dinner he pressed us to consider a second
bottle of Charles Shaw burgundy, and in the discussion
that followed, when we asked about his birthday, which
we thought was still a couple days away, we discovered
it was today. Checking last years diary we found that
on 11 August, 2012, Will made a spaghetti dinner, and
Marijo cooked a chocolate birthday cake. Egg on our
faces all around this year. I had reserved some lobsters
at the fish plant for Wills birthday when we return to
Harrington, mistakenly thinking the date was around
the 14 th , so we’ll make a second try then. Wind’s down
to something manageable from the west now. We need
a good day tomorrow.

Monday 12 August: Hare Harbor

For once the sun is shining at breakfast time! Wind
light in the southwest but building and by mid-day
it would be 30 knots or more. But it was sunny—small wonders! Today was the last of the oatmeal; tomorrow
we improvise. By 8:30 we were at the site and spent a full day with only a break for lunch—canned salmon
sandwiches and soup made from Will’s left-over spaghetti sauce—but good!

The divers put in two dives per team and came up with a caribou antler, a ceramic vessel bottom, and a piece
of the blue-painted porringer that joins enough to really see what the final piece looked like. A fine bird skull
turned up—perhaps a cormorant. Lobsters have been visiting the excavation pits, sometimes assisted by
prankster Erik. The divers are now beginning their stratigraphy drawings.

On land we concentrated on the two new squares, 2S/2W and 4S/2W, and found them less interesting than Will’s
4S/4W between the boulders. Rebecca and I worked on the northern one and found nothing much but nails and
deep deposits of charcoal-filled black earth with large numbers of tiles at all angles of rest. Clearly these two units
were dumps from the cookhouse. Maybe this material was the cleared remains of the hearth pit, mixed with tiles.
There were very few artifacts other than nails, although a single vessel bottom (porringer?) turned up in the basal
deposit along the north wall of 2S/2W, along with many nails. Quite a few large rocks stuck up in this square
above the general level of the beach stones. They seem to be in situ beach rocks, but perhaps they limited the use
of this bank area for other than dumping.

4S/2W, alongside the south ledge, was a different story. While turfing I found a blue-striped white bead and a
rim fragment of a large bowl. The intermediate BE levels were mostly charcoal-earth and tiles, with some nails
and a couple of grey stoneware fragments. No earthenware at all. In the western side of the unit, beside the large
boulder, Will found a clay pipe with fluted bowl decoration, and on the south side of the unit, at the bottom of
the BW just above beach cobbles, a small hearth appeared with stone slabs and baleen strips around its western

Fig 4.24: Glazed faience ceramic from Area 10.

2-7

side. The earth around this hearth was a
densely packed peat-charcoal mix that had
seen use as a floor. This hearth resembles
the small hearths we found east of the
cookhouse, except those hearths had lots
of EW sherds in them. The other major
find was a large piece of an Inuit soapstone
cooking vessel with several drilled holes
from repairing mends. This, the glass bead,
clay pipes, and the Normandy stoneware,
link to the cookhouse finds, so we can be
confident that these squares and probably
4S/4W also—i.e. our Area 10—are dumps
associated with the upper level of the
cookhouse occupation. The small hearth in
4S/2W links with the earlier occupation east
of the cookhouse, found at the bottom of the
tile dump.

The weather was very windy and it was
difficult to do a good job recording finds with note paper flying around. We had to establish a new A10 datum
triangle because the land was too high for the A9 datum. The new A10 datum is set 115 cm above the A9 level.
Boat landings and returns from the site were difficult with the strong onshore wind, but Will and Rebecca
proved an excellent crew and we managed without a hitch. Perry spent more than four hours in the speedboat
tending the dredge pumps for the divers and took the full brunt of the wind. For the divers the only problem
was the temperature of the water, which has dropped to 43 degrees F. from the low 50s before these strong SW
winds. This wind drives out the warm surface water in the harbor and brings in cold Labrador water to replace
it. We heard a couple of bird cries from the cliff yesterday and today. Perhaps the peregrine chicks are about to
fly. Because we forgot Will’s birthday yesterday, Marijo made a chocolate cake for dinner today with “Happy
Birthday” spelled out in chocolate drops! Will remarked that, unlike other summers, this year we have not had
a single visitor to the site. Last night I saw lights at Providence for the first time. Perhaps someone will call if the
weather calms down. Only two days of digging left now!

Tuesday, 13 August: Hare Harbor

Last night, we think, was the beginning of the Persid
meteor shower; but while it was clear, we only saw a few
streaks. The day dawned bright and stayed sunny much
of the morning and then was partly cloudy the rest of the
day. A cold wind blew up in the afternoon, keeping us
inside our floater jackets. During the morning Rebecca
and I cleaned up the unexcavated sections of 6S/8W
but found only muck and tiles and a couple of pieces of
baleen in the lowest level of the black earth. Hardly any
nails, and only a couple of smashed EW vessels with

Fig 4.26: Pipe fragments, glass stemware base,
seed bead, and striped glass bead from Area 10.
Photo by W. Richard

18

many of their parts present. This area from, 4S to
7S, is in the drainage path for the southern part
of the site and most of the activity here can be
attributable to dumping tile to dry up the mucky
ground. At the bottom of the black earth we found
quite a bit of charcoal, but the transition from
charcoal/tile cultural deposits to sterile ground
was often to peat, not beach rocks, with tile at
the interface. There seemed to be no purpose to
the rock distribution except for a single heavy
slab present in the SE corner. The few small slabs
present were tossed in, like tiles, to dry up the
ground.

Fig 4.27: Lower level 4S/2W hearth with baleen and Early
Basque occupation

Will and I finished up 2W/4S and found a
blue seed bead, a couple pieces of glass, a grey
stoneware sherd, and a few nails. Much of the
lower cultural deposits here were peat fill, mixed

with a small amount of charcoal and a few tiles. This is the material associated with the small baleen hearth.

The tile concentration was in the upper levels where most of the artifact finds were made, and these, with the
soapstone, are associated with the cookhouse. One other thing I noticed was that some of the tiles in the lower
deposits are thicker that the normal tiles—perhaps there are differences between 16th and 17/18 th C. tiles? I
collected a few samples. During the afternoon Will expanded his 4S/4W unit to the edge of the rock boulder to
the south, but the finds were meager and were included into the collection from the main unit. Rebecca and I
drew east-west profiles at 8W and 10W and through the
north edge of the hearth at 2S from 12 W to 8W.

The divers spent their day cleaning up and drawing profiles.

No special new finds, except that David brought up a
boulder from the ballast pile with strange markings on
its surface. At first glance they appear to so regular and
linear that they must have been carved, but there are no
tool marks, and the marks have resulted from iron-rich
micro-structure, mineralized material in the rock that have
eroded out in regularized patterns. None of the markings
are recognizable symbols. In the afternoon the divers
went scouting for berries north along the shore from Hare
Harbor, but the few berries they saw were past ripe. The
lack of berries may be one reason we have seen no visitors;
very few people are on the go if there are no berries. This
evening’s Persid-watchers have just now come inside, bringing a trail of mosquitoes and word that a few meteors
are on the go.

Fig 4.28: Inuit soapstone cooking vessel and
stoneware rim sherd from 4S/2JV.

Wednesday, 14 August: Hare Harbor to Harrington

I went ashore before breakfast to finish the profiles for Area 10, which took only an hour. Back aboard. Will
produced a raft of pancakes served with partridge berry jam. On our last trip to the site, the divers made a final

2-9

dive to secure the underwater site and collect their gear, Will and I photographed the squares we’ve excavated
and took overall shots, and began backfilling. About 11am the dive team and Perry came ashore to help back-fill
and sod the excavations. We loaded gear on the Pits, hoisted the zodiac aboard, had a lunch of tomato soup, and

raised anchor. Goodbye (again)! This time I think we
can certainly say, for the last time. There is not much
more I can imagine doing on land, although more could
be done underwater, as we have not tested several of
the stone piles. The trip to Harrington was a bit rough,
as a SE wind was building up, supposedly to become a
major storm, but it never really materialized here, and
in Harrington the rest of the day remained quite fair.

We arrived in Harrington about 3pm and rushed
to fill our water tanks, take showers, wash clothes,
buy groceries, and get the lobsters before the fish
plant closed at 5pm. Soon after we arrived, Wilson
Evans and Paul Rowsell roared into the harbor in

Fig 4.29: HH-1, Area 9 and 10 excavations. View to
SE.

Wilson’s boat, did a “pirouette” turn to come alongside the pier
and caught a pair of waders Wilson had forgotten at home in
the rush to get off. They are headed for Kegaska and a repair job
on the pier. At 6pm we assembled at Christines for dinner and
had another sumptuous feast—lobster shells flying—with wine,
and potato and green salads. Christine had cooked bakeapple
and apple pies for dessert. It was a wonderful last gathering,
doubling serving as Will’s birthday and Erik’s departure in the
morning. As we gathered for dinner I noticed a large gathering
around the pond and thought some event was happening in
the community hall. Instead, people were gawking at a young
beaver that had taken up residence in the pond, scaring off the 20-30 ducks that usually ‘own’ the premises. The
ducks were more or less oblivious to people and showed only modest avoidance of the dogs that occasionally
lunged at them. For some reason, submarine beavers were more dangerous . The beaver had probably been
driven off by its mother, perhaps from the larger town reservoir. Its tenure here is likely to be short, as there is no
food in this pond, and its forays into the neighboring house yards where it has been chewing junks of firewood,
have raised alarm. I called Lynne and found everything fine in Vermont; Mickey seems more lively with some
new medicine and Lynne has had an x-ray of her injured thumb, finding a torn ligament, and is considering next
steps.

Fig 4.30: Area 9 view to S.

Christine told us some stories of skidoo travel along the coast to visit and attend hockey games. As many as 50
machines would head out in a company, stopping every hour or so at a warm-up shed. She described some of the
views en route as ecstatic, with the low light on the hills, the single file of travelers in a magnificent landscape,
especially the highlands between Mutton Bay and La Tabatière. These were times that are not being repeated now
that warm winters have come, making it difficult for Harrington people even to get off the island. Last winter the

50

ice bridge only
lasted for 12 days.

Fig 4.31 : Boulder with peculiar (natural) mark¬
ings from undercover excavation. Photo by W
Richard

Fig 4.32: Boulder with natural verti¬
cal markings. Photo by W. Richard

Thursday,

15 August:

Harrington
Harbor

Today was
predicted to
be a foul day,
with showers
and strong SW
wind, but it
dawned sunny
and relatively
calm. We were
all up and
breakfasted by
8 am and about to
drop Erik and David on the pier, awaiting their water taxi and ferry

connections home; but as we gathered for goodbyes we could see the wind building and seas crashing on the
shoals outside the harbor and dark clouds approaching from the west. Gale force winds were being called for
the Newfoundland west coast. We immediately recalculated and declared a shore-day. By 10am the wind was
too strong for Bryce to operate water taxi service to Chevery, and when this happens, they send the helicopter,
which appeared about 11am. We ran from Wilsons and Christine a and just managed to wave goodbye to Erik
as the chopper lifted off the pad, with Erik grinning in the co-pilot seat. David was set to leave on the ferry,

which will arrive on Sunday. He has been
offered lodging at C&W Evans until
then. Christine starts work in Chevery
on Monday and is looking forward to it;
she finds administrative work with the
Chevery school exciting and may end up
with a position that will require her to
live there during the week, which would
be wonderful for Sarah, who is in her
last year at the C. high school, so they
could live together and travel home for
weekends. The current arrangement has
Christine commuting from Harrington
every day by chopper, which is quite a
tiring affair. If warm winters continue, it
seems likely more people will be shifting
from Harrington to Chevery for jobs,

Fig 4.33: Freshly-showered crew at dinner with Christine, lob- since there is little winter employment in

sters, and wine. Photo by W. Richard Harrington.

51

For the rest of the morning we settled down at
Christines for a study half. I had anticipated catching
upon email, but my computer would not hook up with
Wilson’s system. After a great chowder lunch Will and I
spent a couple hours visiting Sharon and Jim Ransom.
They had guests—the Anglican minister who has been
present here for the past three years, originally from the
Hamilton, Ontario, with her husband, who used to be
a cameraman for CBC and other media outfits. Their
daughter was visiting in Harrington for a few weeks.
There seems to be an amicable arrangement now for the
Anglican and United Churches to share the Anglican
Church building, after the United Church burned
some years ago. That event is now commemorated
by the church’s bell, which has been mounted on the
former site. Sharon showed us her recently-completed history of the combined churches, a text with many
photographs, nicely mounted in a decorative wooden presentation box made by Jim. After the guests left, we
had a great discussion about town history, the early arrival of Buckles and Jones, about Samuel Robertson who
created the great seal, salmon, and cod fishery at La Tabatière, and many other subjects, including the prospects
for Harrington to capitalize on its interesting history, artifact collections, and geography. They were particularly
appreciative of our work to build local history and make it available at Rowsell House. Their own house is a
veritable museum of old artifacts and knick-knacks, including a plaster architectural sculpture of the busts of an
Indian man and woman Jim salvaged from an old building being demolished in St. John’s; this piece may go back
to the time of the Beothuk demise. In those two hours we covered everything from how to preserve old houses
in Harrington to the quality of lobsters and Will’s and my “Maine to Greenland book.” After return we took leave
of Christine and Sarah about 6pm and returned for supper on the boat, and had a final goodbye with David. We
were grateful for this ‘free day in Harrington as it gave us time to really say goodbye to our many friends here,
especially Wilson and Christine who have been such generous hosts, advisors, and friends for the past 12 years.

I do think this is the last research visit to this area, but I certainly hope to return with Will when our book is out
and I have the final Mecatina report done.

Friday 16 August: Harrington to Brador
I thought we would never have
another one of these days, but
we did. Simply said, we lost our
speedboat—for a second time
in two years: this time out in the
Gulf off Belles Amours Point,
and still, two days later, have not
recovered it. What a disaster! In
retrospect it’s hard to see how
we let this happen, but as usual,
the wind crept up on us until we
could do nothing about it. We

Fig 4.35: Wilson, Christine and Sarah Evans.

52

Fig 4.36: Crew shot in Harrington at season’s end: Will, Rebecca, Sarai, David, Marijo, Erik, Bill, and
Perry. Photo by W. Richard

left Harrington at sunrise with a weather report for light wind, initially from the northwest and then southwest.
At La Tabatière, Perry decided to make a straight run to Brador rather than take the usual inside Rigoulette
passage via St. Augustine. The choice seemed fine at first, and I didn’t question it because the day was shaping
up like the forecast predicted. However, during my turn at the wheel, when we were far offshore and Perry
was resting, the breeze turned into a stiff southwest wind and we were
slewing around in a following sea. We had brought the speedboat up
earlier and she seemed to be doing fine, even though there were strong
jerks as she careened from side to side on her short leash. By three
o’clock the wind must have built to 25-30 knots and the seas were 1.5-2.0
meters. Once again, we heard that loud “bang” which we knew was the
tow rope snapping. And there we were, again, stuck in a heavy sea with
our speedboat bobbing amidst the whitecaps and we in the Pits almost
helpless to secure her. After the Cape Norman episode two years ago, we
tried to prevent this at all costs. Perry had rigged a couple of extra tow
ropes in the bow of the speedboat with loops on the ends that might get
caught with a boathook or grapple. So, maneuvering to come alongside
in the seas, we first tried to hook the speedboat cutty by throwing the
small grapnel. This yielded almost immediate success and we were able
to retrieve the nylon towline whose loop end had got tangled in the
hooks; miraculously, it did not come loose as I drew it in and secured
it. We towed at a slow speed for about a half-hour and all seemed well.

Meanwhile, I made many attempts to hook the green towline so we
could tow with two lines, one from each stern quarter, to keep the boat
from careening, but each time the grapnel caught, it bounced out again
when the line went slack and then tightened with a jerk. Then, when
we were allowing ourselves some degree of hope with the nylon towline
and Perry was heading to the closest harbor in Belles Amours, once

Fig 4.37: Young businessM’oman
selling ice tea in Harrington. Photo
by W. Richard

Fig 4.38: Sharon Ransom.
Photo by W. Richard

again came that gunshot-like ‘bang’ as that line parted. This time the snapped
backlash caught Will nearly in the face; he had been taking photographs and
the line shattered his camera lens hood and hit his left index finger. For a
moment we were in shock—this was so unexpected—but soon the moment
passed, leaving Will with his hand numb and finger inoperable. Will retired
to the cabin and we consulted Perry on options, which weren’t many. In the
next pass by the Pits I managed to catch the old green rope that had worked
so well at Cape Norman—with the boathook. Another secure towline! But
soon this one snapped also. The only option left was to try to hook the boat
with the heavy ship’s grapnel. I rigged it, and Will—despite his damaged
finger—and I managed, with Perry’s superb ship-handling, to land that
monster into the speedboat’s bow. We did this three or four times, but each

time the anchor pulled out, and then we
had a 60-pound anchor hanging straight
down in the water that took two of us to
haul up. It was clear this would not work,

and besides, we were getting tired. There was always the possibility of getting
your foot into a loop in the anchor line as we threw it and then raced back
to the stern to try and secure the line. The only other option was to try and
jump into the boat to secure a line by hand. Later an “old salt” on the Brador
pier asked why we did not try this simple option first—to which I answered,
the only candidates for this operation were 70 years old. It would have
been my task, and with my gimp leg 1 was not going to chance it. I’d almost
certainly have been able to jump into the boat, would certainly slip and
fall in the process and perhaps get injured, and I could have tied on a line,
but getting back aboard would have been dicey with the way the speedboat
lurched to and fro in the seas. And if that I failed—then what? Driving the
speedboat ashore might have been an option, but the huge whitecaps could
have sunk us. So, we departed, marking the spot and hoping she would find
a way inshore without getting destroyed on the rocks. In the midst of all the chaos, as we were throwing anchors,
a school of herring after minnows surfaced around
us and we found ourselves in the midst of a flock of

feeding gulls!

Fig 4.39: Jim Ransom. Photo by
W. Richard

Fig 4.40: Crowd in Harrington. Photo by W. Richard

After tying up at the Brador pier we explained the
situation to the fishermen, who immediately alerted
the local rescue network. One drove Will to Florence’s
to get his car, and in the meantime Florence appeared
at the dock, checking to see where we might be, since
we were to call her when we arrived. When everything
settled down, we secured the Pits and went to her
place for dinner. We had a lot of discussion with the
fishermen about where the boat might go, depending
on the tide, since the wind died back in the evening,
probably before she could have been blown ashore.
The general thought was she would probably drift

5T

Fig 4.41: Trying to corral the careening speedboat. Photo by
W. Richard

toward Middle Bay or Old Fort. Florence gave
us a nice dinner and shortly after, we collapsed,
totally tired. The girls, who had to deal with the
tension of watching the events from inside the
heavily rolling Pits, trying to keep stuff in the
cabin from coming loose everywhere, were in
a similar state. At the dock there was a strong
surge, but over the night it died out.

Ive been towing speedboats since the mid-
1970s, and we’ve never lost a boat until that last
two years, and the last time, off Cape Norman,
we were lucky to retrieve it. Since acquiring
this 21-foot fiberglass boat, which is perfect for
getting crews ashore and for supporting diving
operations, we’ve had one close call and many,
many trials and concerns with managing to tow
it: once losing and retrieving, once getting the

towline caught in the Pits’ propeller—shutting the boat
down completely—and scores of anxious moments. I
guess this speedboat was just too big and heavy and
required travel only under ideal conditions. If we don’t
get her back, Perry will be relieved; no skipper likes to
hassle a tow, especially a heavy one. Maybe this is the
end of an era.

Saturday, 17 August: Brador

Saturday began calm but the SW wind picked up
again after noon, although not to give us any trouble
reaching or getting back from the Hart Chalet site.
After breakfast we went over to Florence’s and called
the Canadian Coast Guard so they could announce

the loss and ask mariners to keep a watch out for the
boat. Later we heard it announced on St. Anthony
CG radio. Then Will and I drove to the Blanc Sablon
hospital where Will got immediate triage for his injured
finger. Because he had to wait for the radiologist to arrive at 10am (result: two small fractures, first two fingers
were bound together and should be immobilized for four weeks), I took the Volvo and picked up our crew and
gear and drove to the turnoff from Rt. 138, where we left the car to avoid banging it up on the dirt road. The first
order of business was to knock down the grass with the weed-whacker and cut out the underbrush and lower
branches of the three trees that had invaded House 1, which we decided would be our prime target. Bushing
out H2, 3 would have been much more work, and we already had a small collection from House 1. For lunch
we returned to Florence’s and then returned to the site for the afternoon, this time using the zodiac. The cove
where Florence and Clifford have their chalet is called Jack’s Cove; it’s one of several coves west of the Brador
River, the outermost being Mosquito Cove, but that name could equally well describe any of those places, as
far as bugs are concerned. We started a trench up from the entry of HI to its rear wall and immediately began

Fig 4.42: Temporaiy victory over the speedboat.
Photo by W. Richard

finding nails, bone, and pottery. Test pits where Clifford had dug a sewer line from the mid-point of the house’s
east wall showed no midden left, confirming that he had removed most of it (he had thrown ‘buckets of nails into
the woods,” according to Florence). Later Florence showed us a few bags of materials that had come from their
chalet property, including artifacts ranging from late Maritime Archaic to recent Indian; I did not see Groswater
Paleoeskimo, but I found some chert near the road that might be from that culture. The MA gouge and axe
pieces are supposed to have come from a location a bit farther down the road from their house, on the south side
of the road, perhaps disturbed during road construction. There may be an MA site or cemetery in the vicinity!

We returned and made a spaghetti dinner at Florence s, who gave us the run of her house. She spends much
of her time at the hospital in the afternoons and evenings taking care of Clifford, who seems unchanged from
two years ago when we last saw him. We had showers and cleaned up and returned to the boat about 9:30.
Florence seemed more relaxed than when we were here last, but her difficulties remain severe, emotionally and
economically, because according to Quebec law she
does not control the family assets while Clifford still
lives. There is a court proceeding to attempt to resolve
this, but it complicates all her troubles and ties her
hands on real estate and even on submitting taxes.

Sunday 18 August: Brador
The second day of our work went pretty smoothly,
beginning with a boat transit to the site carrying gear
and a lunch. The weather was overcast with a SW
wind, but not enough to keep down the blackflies,
which took a toll on our necks and wrists, despite out
net shirts. When we arrived, a large German shepherd
from the next cottage to the east checked us out at
a distance and an hour later showed up at the site,
initially being a loveable observer, but within minutes
requiring play and attention that escalated to playful
aggression. He took a fancy to raping me at one point.

Every so often he would answer his owners call and
return home, but soon returned more rambunctious than ever. Finally, we got the owner to tie him up. Site work
proceeded well, but without spectacular finds. We worked our way down to the house floor, where we found not
a single pavement slab, only a greasy surface with scattered nails, charcoal, an occasional bone and a few pieces
of earthenware and stoneware. It seems like the floor was paved with logs or planks—probably the latter. A fair
number of large round beach cobbles were present on the floor, mostly likely roof rocks; but in Unit 4, at the
south end of our 1x8 meter trench, we found a small cobble hearth associated with flint chips below the entry
floor level; and in the center of the house, another hearth feature, this one on the floor. A 20 cm rise between
Units 1 and 2 marked the transition between the main floor and the sleeping platform. Like the house floor, the
sleeping platform was not paved and was probably made of wood, as several nails were found at floor level here,
as well as a couple larger spikes that probably were roof timber fastenings. The rear wall was about 60 cm wide
and slightly higher than outside ground level; side and front walls were wider and thicker. Surface inspection
showed rock piles in each of the front corners of the house—probably hearth platforms. No soapstone sherds
were found anywhere on the site. The interior of the house had been excavated, removing the peat and upper
grey and red sand levels, so that the floor lay directly on B/C zone gravelly sand. The upper levels removed from
the pit had been piled up on the walls, producing inverted stratigraphy over an intact ground surface that we had

Fig 4.43: Mapping the Hart Chalet Site. House 1.
View North

found in tests several years ago and again this year in our Test Pit 4 and TP4 extension. It’s here that the most
interesting HI artifacts were found, then and now. I excavated small test pits in the middens south of H2 (seal
and caribou bones) and H3 (caribou bone, nail, and tile), and I chopped out the undergrowth from the interior
of H2, finding a small square hole in the middle of its floor. Florence says this was Clifford’s test pit. Other than
several robust spruce trees, this house would be easy to dig because there is no turf, only forest duff. My probes
with the rod did not reveal evidence of a paved floor, and this was confirmed later in the test pits in the H2 entry.
After a brief lunch, we worked until about 6:00pm and returned to the Pits in a bit of a sea chop before cleaning
up and walking to Florence’s, where we found Will

and Perry acting as couch potatoes. No sign or
knowledge from the fishermen about our missing
boat. They reported mackerel running now, which
they are catching in net traps along the shore.

Florence has a very interesting photograph of the
chalet site area that Rene took and sent her while
he and Clifford were exploring the area before
the chalet was built. It shows a circle of grassy
ground ringed by a low growth of spruce, only a
few feet high, and to the north, open tundra. What
a difference today with a 10-20 foot high forest.

The grassy clearing conforms to the location of the
three Inuit houses and their middens. Levesque had
designated the site EiBh-205.

Fig 4.44: 1968 photo of Chalet site area by R. Levesque.
Florence Hart collection.

Monday 19 August: Brador

Another rather raw day with showers and SW wind, although little of this breeze reached Brador Bay, which
seems magically protected from this dominant summer wind direction, and which creates such havoc outside
the Brador Islands and around Blanc Sablon. The trees around the Hart chalet cut the wind further, making it
a great place for black flies. We took the zodiac again this morning and finished up the HI trench and started

Fig 4.45: Hart Chalet House 1 and datum. View
South.

working on test pits along its west wall (TP 4 and 4a),
TP5 (Will’s, at the south end of H2), TP 6 ( WF’s, 5 m
south of TP5, 15 cm of bone midden), TP7 (Marijo’s,
a meter north of Christie Leece’s “needlecase” TP in
the entry passage of H2), TP8 (WF’s, in the midden
outside the entry passage of H3), TP9, (WF’s, 4 m
south of the chalet porch steps), and TP10 (WF’s, 8
m south of the chalet porch steps). Perry, Will, and
Florence came by with lunch materials and helped out
with the digging during the midday hours. Despite
doctor’s order’s, Will could not resist digging TP5,
but as he got into it discouragement followed when
it turned unproductive. The afternoon’s excitement
was confined mostly to Sarai’s TP4 which produced
some stoneware and a nice bone barbed harpoon¬
like implement. We returned to the Pits about 5:30
and found a smart NE breeze blowing off the land,

57

and walked to Florences for supper, where we
heard the radio announcement of the talk I was
to give tomorrow night sponsored by the Quebec-
Labrador Foundation. QLF’s Sorena Etheridge
gave the interview and did a nice job promoting it.
Florence returned home about 10pm, but we had
got tired earlier and were already back aboard for a
fairly unpleasant night’s sleep; the wind and waves
were buffeting the Pits against the dock, and the
current was creating a hissing sound as it sucked
along the dock pilings.

By this time we were used to the absence of the
speedboat and had become reluctantly accustomed
to life with only the zodiac. In many ways this
simplified life for Perry and me; Perry because
maneuvering the boat on landings and departures
could be hazardous and was a headache in strong
seas and winds underway, especially when she broke loose and was a hazard to people and the Pits; and for me,
because I was the official custodian on the speedboat, responsible for its towing and docking arrangements, and
for bird-dogging it all the time while underway, adjusting its towline, watching for danger signals in heavy seas,
and keeping it ship-shape, gassed, and operating it on shore parties. I had been trying to decide how to deal with
the loss; how to report it to the SI; whether to try and find $20K for replacing it and the 50HP engine; and how
to operate in the future without a large sturdy boat for shore parties, diving support, and in extremis, as the Pits’
primary lifeboat. I did not find any easy solutions.

Tuesday 20 August: Brador

There was a commotion on the pier when I woke at 6:30. Perry was talking with Fred, the elderly, well-informed,
fisherman who had been coaching us on the matter of lost speedboats. I poked my head outside and saw them
pointing to a white patch on one of
the low islands about a mile across the
bay. “Your boat is back!” he said with
a smile. “That HAS to be your boat!”

It certainly looked like it to me, and to
Perry, who with the binocs, thought
everything about its shape and size
was correct, except he could not see
the motor.

She was tucked up on shore and had
been left there by the falling tide.

Fishermen tending their mackerel
nets yesterday evening had found
it onshore and put a line on it so it
wouldn’t drift off again at high tide.

They tried to get word to us last night,
but we were not aboard. Perry and I

Fig. 4.47: Red Bay. Photo by W. Richard

Fig 4.46: Hart Chalet Inuit House 1 trench. View North.

68

hopped into the zodiac and found her resting comfortably in a depression on a smooth rocky ledge on the east
side of one of the maze of islands in this area. Her sides, bow, and transom were scratched and scuffed up, but
otherwise she was in perfect shape and everything was aboard, and not a drop of water inside. The motor was
fine too, without a scratch. After waiting for the high tide to raise her stern, we levered her off with boards and
timbers. The motor started immediately, and just as
we were leaving the fishermen who had found her
came by on their way to their nets, so we gave them
a very hearty ‘thank you’ and our little squadron
re-crossed the bay to the dock. The smiles and high-
fives from the fishermen there, too, were a wonderful
sight. The boat must have drifted into the islands and
shoals during the previous day and banged around
a bit. Had she not been caught in a cul-de-sac she
might have drifted right into Jack’s Cove and the
Hart chalet! The northwest wind of the late afternoon
must have sent here off again and got her fetched up
on the shallow ledge where she grounded and was
left high and dry, where she was first seen by the
fishermen. Who says miracles can’t happen?!! Seems
like she was intent on finding her way back to the
Pits just like a trusty hound dog! The next morning
we went off and bought a super-strong new towline,
and in the meantime we moved her to the inner portion of the dock where the other small boats tie up.

The rest of the day seemed anticlimactic after die events of the morning, but produced good data. The TPs in HI
and 2 continued to be productive, and Rebecca shifted out of the HI trench to TP4a which was producing better
material. At the very end of the day she recovered a nice iron arrowhead made from a nail. I spent much of my
time mapping and taking notes on the various TP finds. Rain showers slowed us down during the afternoon, but
by evening we were ready to complete our work. Will and Florence came by for a couple hours and carried off
most of the heavy gear in her car. Around 5pm we returned to the Pits and then to Florence’s to clean up before

the lecture.

The talk was in the Brador Community Hall, down
the street from Florence’s. Sorena had arrived with
food and sodas and was setting up the projector
when we walked in. By 7pm, about 30 people
had shown up, including Anthony Dumais, the
Blanc Sablon regional mayor and owner of the
Lourdes motel where our divers stayed last year.

One couple had come from LAnse au Chair,
and Lorrene LaVallee, who heads up the Middle
Bay Interpretation Center, was our westernmost
attendee. Many others, like Jerry Landry, were from
closer to home. I showed slides of our Mecatina
project, and Will showed pictures and talked about
tourism development. His picture of Florence and

Fig 4.49: Hart Chalet H2 entiy test pit 7. View North.

Fig 4.48: Test pit 6 at Hart Chalet Inuit village House 2
midden. View North.

Fig 4.50: The speedboat returns home, abound on an
island shoal a kilometer from Pitsiulak. Photo by W.
Richard

Clifford was a big hit. We had a great discussion
about archaeology and tourism afterwards, much of
it dominated by Anthony, who has had to negotiate
development issues with the Quebec government
and regional bodies. Much of the potential is
linked to the completion of Rt. 138 and attracting
clientele, especially because of the recent notoriety
of Red Bay, which receives something like 8000
visitors each year and will increase next year due to
its World Heritage designation. Very few of these
travelers turn west when they emerge from the
Newfoundland ferry. Creation of a couple provincial
parks was a step in the right direction, but the
issue failed because some towns were in opposition
(Tête à la Baleine) and because the LNS’s “summer
warriors”—the younger folks who have left for work
on the mainland and return to the coast for 4-6

weeks in summer to hunt and fish (often poaching)
and don’t want any new regulations, even though
the villages in their homelands are drying up. These
people are holding the entire coast hostage, making
it difficult or impossible to implement changes
that could help the region survive, if not prosper.

Without parks, 138, and culture, archaeology,
and heritage, hiking and kayaking, etc. the coast
is doomed to wither, as the numbers now clearly
indicate: virtually all its young people leave for jobs
elsewhere.

At the meeting, we met many influential people
interested in these things. From St. Paul River came
Garland Nadeau, who was keen to show me possible
Inuit sites in his area. He was bearing two surprises:
a bag of bakeapples, and a letter from Dwight
Bilodeau explaining lasts summer’s financial difficulties and enclosing a personal check for $1000. Surprise
indeed! Thanks Dwight! Everyone left the meeting charged up and hopeful that archaeology can play a big role
in the future. Two particular targets are high on the list: the Courtemanche site and the Eastern Point (Belles
Amour Peninsula) stone houses Clifford Hart had shown me some years ago. Negotiations with the Lettos,
who own the property the fort is on, nearly succeeded a few years ago, but broke down when one of the senior
members of the family died. Perhaps they can be re-started. The Belles Amour stone houses would be ideal
because they are already visible on the surface, but they need more mapping and excavation than Levesque did in
the 1960s. The Hart Chalet Inuit houses could be another key target. At the meeting, we also met Clarissa Smith,
a cousin of Florence’s and author of “Broken Wings,” which tells her personal story, and other books. She will be
writing a story for the local newsletter about our project and is full of enthusiasm and energy. She alerted us to
some excellent site areas in the vicinity of “Five Leagues,” a series of small coves east of Middle Bay. There must

Fig 4.5 F The renegade boat is back in hand. Photo by
W. Richard

TO

be an Inuit winter site in the Middle Bay area
because a piece of an Inuit soapstone pot is in
the MB Interpretation Center.

Wednesday 21 August: Brador

Today began raw and overcast, with a SW wind
that was predicted to build to a gale in the
Northeast Gulf and around Belle Isle Bank. Not
a good day for boating, so we planned a trip to
Red Bay. But before that, Anthony Dumas, the
‘mayor of Blanc Sablon and a strong proponent
of heritage development, had asked me to
take a look at some stone rings he was curious
about. So we drove off in his heavy duty vehicle
toward the west, through some beautiful high

country granite hills toward Middle Bay. We

. j rr., ji-uiiA i Fig 4.52: Replacing the brokentowline with a monster rope.

turned off the road at Belies Amours Peninsula, 6 ^ ^

i t i. 11 . i ij Photo by W. Richard

and I realized he was taking us to a boulder

field site that Clifford Hart had shown me

along the east shore of the peninsula nearly a decade ago. As he cradled a cup of coffee, we walked along the
crest of the exposed boulder field and inspected about a dozen stone structures, some small cache pits, others
being round or oval boulder house pits, including one that was nearly rectangular, measuring about 4x8 m with a
central boulder divider or feature. The latter reminds me of similar structures found at ca. 17 th C. Inuit dwellings
in Cartwright and Nain. However, I think there are a variety of cultural periods represented and that beach
elevation is not the sole criteria for settlement; rather it was the presence of exposed boulders that could be easily
excavated, even during the winter- or spring¬
time. Anthony had noticed the features while he
was stringing up an electric line to the cottage of
Dr. Camile Marcoux, the founder of the Blanc
Sablon Hospital. I recalled that Rene Levesque
had written a report about his field work around
Blanc Sablon in 1968 and had described and
sketched these features. Clifford had noted that
Levesque and he had found stone tools in some
of these structures, but only a few of them seem
to me to have been disturbed, as can easily
be seen by the lack of lichen cover. Anthony
was interested in the potential of this site for
tourism, and I agree it would be an excellent
prospect because the features of easily visible
and accessible to the road. I reminded him Fig 4.53: Brador Bay Dock. Photo by W. Richard

that there are also two Inuit winter dwellings
only a few minutes away on the west side of the
peninsula. I can check the Levesque manuscript

to see if he describes the site more, and any finds. On the way back, Anthony showed us the place by the side of
the road in Brador, where he found a two-foot thick bed of seal bones when he was installing electric poles just

north of the Hobbs welding and repair business and near the Courtemanche fort. This must be the site of a seal
or whale factory for skins and oil.

After returning to the boat and moving the speedboat inside for better protection, we piled into Will’s car with
Florence and drove off to Red Bay. En route, we stopped at the Blanc Sablon Interpretation Center, where we met
Vicky Driscoll, working for CEDEC, a government tourist development group. She and Florence have worked
together on heritage issues. The Center has inherited the two cases of archaeological material that used to be
on display at the airport, probably prepared by Jean Yves Pintal. The drive to Red Bay was uneventful—almost
no traffic—and when we got there we went for lunch to the Whaler’s Restaurant. In the gift shop we met a lady
who lives in Fox Cove, near the Point Amour Lighthouse, in the summer, and in St. John’s in the winter. We sat
and talked for awhile with her and her husband, Burford Ploughman, who for years has been a proponent of the
Straits tunnel, which, he says, is gaining momentum again now in connection with completion of Route 138.

The new push is related to federal interest in completing a northern trans-Canada highway due to the increasing
economic importance of the North and rising population in these regions. All feasibility studies for both projects
have given green lights. He could
not give us details, but he said with
a twinkle in his eye, “It’s going to
happen.”

After lunch we toured the Parks
Canada museum and met its
interpreters, Phillip Bride, who
worked with Tuck on the original
excavations, Kirby, and a woman
whose name I did not catch. We met
Cindy Gibbons at the upper museum.

Phillip has been at the museum for
years and remembered our earlier
visits. Once again we noted that
much of what we have found at
Hare Harbor is similar to what has
been found at Red Bay, except for
the wood treasures of a nautical
wreck. Everyone there is excited
by the UNESCO World Heritage
designation. They had an official
ceremony last month but are withholding the public event until next year when word can spread for better
attendance. An interesting new piece of information is the presence of a star monogram on one of the engraved
planks from the San Juan , a mark we have on the chafing bowls we found last year. But the meaning of this mark
still eludes us. Perhaps Grenier’s monograph discusses it.

The weather was quite foul by the time we returned to Brador. We stopped at the hospital for a half hour to visit
Cliff. He looked great—very fit and handsome. I was able to elicit a smile from him one time, and he seemed to
register my report that we had recovered our speedboat. But overall, there was no noticeable improvement in his
Alzheimer condition. Returning to the dock we found the Pits riding OK and brought all of Will’s and Rebecca’s
gear over to Florence’s, where we planned to spend the night so they could get off to the ferry without difficulty

Fig 4.54: Anthony Dumas, Bill Fitzhugh, and Rebecca Mayus inspect¬
ing rock structures at Belles Amours. Photo by W. Richard

H2

early in the morning.

Thursday 22 August: Brador

It felt strange sleeping on a bed after more than a month, but not unpleasant! We rose at 6:30 and had a breakfast
of fried eggs and toast prepared by Rebecca, who rose to the challenge after we had ribbed her mercilessly
for weeks about taking on cooking duty; other than assisting me several times, she evaded capture until this
morning. Will and Rebecca departed on schedule, leaving Perry and me with Florence. A small crew now! After
some discussion with Clarissa Smith, a neighbor and cousin of Florence, author of “Broken Wings” and other
books, we had a lunch of roast chicken and drove to Middle Bay to visit their Interpretation Center. I had never
been further west on the road than Belles Amour Peninsula, so it was a treat to see the marvelous sculptured
granite topography and myriad lakes, extremely high raised beaches, ridge-top erratics and other geographic
wonders. It is easy to imagine this landscape at the close of the Ice Age 10,000 years ago, and I itched to tramp
the highest beaches for cultural features. This would be a great area to hunt for Dennis Stanfords maritime
Paleoindians! When Route 138 gets built I bet there will be some surprising discoveries.

Surf was pounding on the big sandy beach at Middle Bay and we easily guessed this was a pretty marginal spot
for a major Basque operation, having only one mediocre semi-protected landing spot, now occupied by a run¬
down fish plant and small fishermens store sheds. The Basque operation, which is well-interpreted by signs, is
located on a small rocky peninsula at the south end of the current fishing operations. But we saw few tiles and a
single tryworks. Nevertheless, Françoise Niellon was able to recover a good range of cultural materials, marmites,
small pitchers, nails, etc. These and many other things are on display in a fine small interpretation center
developed by The Quebec-Labrador Foundation’s local employee, Sorena Etheridge, with assistance from J-I
Pintal and Selma Barkham in an exhibition called “Five Cultures”—with other presentations on the Inuit, Innu,
French and English. The center also displays recent fishing and domestic gear, a bit of natural history, sells some
knitted crafts, and has a small restaurant. We had a nice discussion with Lorrene LaVallee and her colleagues.
They got about 350 car-traveling tourists last year, and a bit less this year. Flow to attract tourists to a dead-end
road is a major problem, so R.138 is the key. Unfortunately, the LNS ferry does not stop here. This part of the
coast desperately needs an archaeological program; hopefully we can find a student to take this on and work with
tourist development people.

Lorrene LaVallee told us about Françoise Niellon and
and about a possible Inuit site they had found where
the bridge crosses the Salmon Bay River a few miles
west of Middle Bay. They knew little about the
finds or a publication. We decided to look for it and
found it exactly where they described, in a clearing
in the spruce forest a few hundred yards south of
the east end of the bridge and 50 meters from the
riverbank. The site consists of two rectangular stone
or brick wall foundations about 30cm wide standing
30-40cm above ground. Each structure has a lxl
m pit excavated one meter deep in the center of the
building and a large hearth or fireplace platform
in the rear. No entry passage or other features
suggest Inuit construction. Probing with my fingers
in the turf on the wall of the northern structure

T5

Fig 4.56: 16th century Basque model ship. Red Bay
Museum.

produced a fragment of a 19 th century transfer print
blue glaze ceramic and several fragments of brick.

I guess this is a 19 th C. European fishing or trading
post. Here the river ends and its course widens into
a shallow bay; this would be a great salmon fishing
spot. Returning to Florences, we spent the evening
writing and watching TV while Florence went to be
with Clifford at the hospital. Earlier in the day, I had
a conversation with Igor Krupnik and Nicole—no
special news from the SI, and it seems I am not to be
crucified for neglecting (until now) to get a picture
of the SI property tag on this computer sent to our
IT staff for their yearly inventory report. The wind is
down but there is still a big swell on. We’ll see how
this works out tomorrow. I have the new heavy-duty
towline hooked up on the speedboat, so were ready
to go!

Friday 23 August: Brador to St. Anthony

Perry and I slept at Florences and she offered to drive us to the boat. We rose at dawn, still hearing the roar of
surf far off down the shore, but the wind was light and predictions were for variable winds through the day. We
had waited a day to let the high SW swells diminish. We said goodbye to Florence, took leave from the fishermen
who were already out in force at 5:15am, and chugged away with the speedboat sporting its new bright white

% inch braided nylon towline. We had nearly a week of work with Florence
and we all got to know each other well. It was hard to leave her, and I think
she felt the same about us, because we brought some energy back into her life
through our mutual interests in carrying on Clifford’s work in archaeology.
Yesterday morning, Florence brought out all her papers and notes on the
Courtemanche and chalet sites, including photos of the excavations of the fort
Rene had sent them alolng with a book of xeroxed archival records on Brador
and Courtemanche, a map of the layout of the fort site with a drawing of the
fort, and other materials crucial for further work there. There was even a letter
from the CMC’s David Keenlyside responding to a note Clifford and Florence
sent mentioning their archaeological finds and Maritime Archaic cache. He
responded with a copy of a CMC publication on a prehistoric site on the Upper
North Shore that illustrated many of the stone tools from the northern Gulf. All
these thoughts were with us as we sailed off.

At first, the going was rough. Florence had said the shore around Lourdes,
where the hospital is located, was completely “whoite” with surf, and the
fishermen said these were some of the biggest seas they had ever seen from a
summer wind storm. Even two days later, the swells were still piling up around
the entrance to Brador Bay. At first we had to steam south, into the seas, but as
we got away from land and shoal water, the swells eased off, and we were able
to head northeast to intersect the Newfoundland coast. The wind and swells
dropped and eventually a NE breeze with rain settled in and lasted all day until

manche settlement at Baie
Philypeaux (Bradore), from
Leveques papers. Courtesy of
Florence Hart.

we reached St. Anthony, with the wind never more than 15-20
knots. The speedboat likes its new, robust towline and behaved
very nicely. Around 1 lam we passed Cape Norman, and by
three, entered Quirpon Harbor. Lo and behold! there at the
dock was Alcai /, Walter Adey’s light blue three-master. We
tied up briefly to say hello, learned he had a great research trip
down the Labrador as far as Nain, had sent his crew home, and
he and Karen were leaving for Port Saunders early tomorrow.

They will put their boat up there this year. I told him to look
up Bill and Aileen Lowe. Then we cast off again and went on to
St. Anthony to take advantage of good conditions and cut the
trip time tomorrow. We arrived at St. Anthony at 4pm Quebec
time, making it an eleven hour steam, then set our watches
back 1.5 hours to Newfoundland time. Dinner was at Mary
Brown’s Chicken place in the local mall. Captain Jim Penny, owner of the fish buying operation next to the town
pier, drove us to MB’s and told us how he and his son had just caught 3500 pounds of cod from a single haul of
two 60-fathom gill nets near St. Anthony a few days ago! Only one other time in his life had he seen the like: in
Black Tickle, Labrador, three decades ago, before the cod fish crash and the moratorium. It seemed a bit odd to
be sitting in a mall eating Mary Brown when our bodies were still swaying from the swells. Weather reports for
tomorrow sound ok for travel, a bit breezy in the morning but tapering off in afternoon. Back at the Pits, Perry
told me about his fishing trips down the Labrador with his father. When one of the crew died. Perry got recruited
to the task of‘splitter’—the one of a four-many team processing cod fish who splits open the fish and extracts
the thoracic vertebrae—a crucial operation that requires skill and super efficiency (only two or three swipes
with the knife allowed), Perry got recruited. His father could split in two swipes: one cut left to right along the

backbone from head to tail, and a second, right to left, removing
the thoracic vertebrae from the split-open fish. Perry does it
in three cuts. Splitting allows the fish to be dried by air or salt.

One summer there were so many cod fish his father had to split
every one they caught, heading the processing crew while the
rest of the team delivered fish from the traps and gill nets. Today
this commercial work is done by mechanical splitters that aren’t
as efficient as an old-time splitter, but can handle fish in bulk
faster than people can. I suppose at various times there have
been Newfoundland versions of “John Henry”-type contests
between human and mechanical splitters!

Saturday 24 August: St. Anthony to Lushes Bight

This morning dawned clear, with a light northwest breeze, exactly as predicted—a perfect offshore wind for
heading south along the northeast Newfoundland coast. We left soon after first light, and as the day unfolded,
conditions grew better and better, until from the Horse Islands to Lushes Bight we had a nearly waveless sea and
bright sun. Unlike our northern passage here in July, we saw almost no wildlife—only a single group of porpoises
and no whales at all. A few puffins clowned about but little else was stirring. When we arrived at Lushes Bight
we heard that a few people had visited the Grey Islands looking for bakeapples, but few were found this year. The
Pits performed beautifully, and our speedboat behaved well on her new heavy towline. Why we did not shift to

Fig 4.59: Salmon Bay site. View Southwest.

Fig 4.58: Middle Bay Museum displays.

a heavy gauge towline years ago is a mystery—we just believed
those nylon lines were nearly unbreakable. When we arrived at
Lushes Bight about 7pm after a 12-hour steam, we found no one
to greet us, and Perry had to call his mother to roust Louise out
from Barbara and Maurices “Shed”—a bit of a Saturday evening
socializing. Will was nowhere in sight, so I left a message at
Greg Woods and got a call back from Will an hour later saying
they had been down around Stephenville meeting with some
International Appalachian Trail colleagues. Will said he would
drive to meet us tomorrow.

25-30 August: Project Winding Down

After our arrival the weather continued fair for the next few
days, allowing us to process the artifact collections, wash and

dry the faunal materials, and pack them for shipment to Anja
Herzog, who had agreed to catalog them. We transcribed the
field note lists into an excel file and I sent that to Anja along
with a picture of the interesting floral pattern sherd Will found
in 4S/4W. Ever ything was pretty quiet around the Colbourne
compound, as the men were all off working or driving kids to
college in St. Johns. Nan was a frequent visitor to Perry and
Louises, often coming for dinner or having dinner brought to
her place. Over these three days, Perry and Louise prepared
some wonderful meals—both lunches and dinners: grilled steak
one night, Asian stir-fry another time, and for our last meal, a
turkey with all the fixin’s, to which many relatives were invited.
After we got the artifacts cleaned and packed in new white
plastic buckets (one of Hare Harbor underwater material, one
of HH-1 and Hart Chalet site artifacts, and two buckets of Hart
Chalet faunal collections), we cleaned up the pumps and dredge gear. Since we were done with Hare Harbor and
did not have any immediate prospects for more underwater work. Brad Loewen decided we should send the gear
back to Montreal. It was shipped out from Budgells later in the week for about $500, about twice what it cost to
ship to Newfoundland in the first place. Brad is going to need to refit the hoses with the new fittings Mathieu
purchased and sent out to us, but which we did not use, finding the old fitting still useable for the shallow depth
work we had to do this year.

By Wednesday, we had the Pitsiulak cleaned up and ready to take to the marine center in Triton. Perry’s daughter
Jane drove the truck down with the timber frames to hold her upright on the storage lot and Will, Perry, and I
took to boat down and got her set for hauling, which happened quickly after we had lunch at Fudge’s Restaurant.
In between, Will and I visited Jerry Jones, the owner of the marine center, now repurposed as a diamond drill rig
production outfit. They make portable (sort of!) rigs on skids that can be pulled around the country or dropped
in by helicopter. Much of his business recently has been in South Africa, but during the recent mining slump
(due to over-production, he says) he has been branching out to other markets; for instance, building mobile
camps that can be dragged around by four-wheelers, hoping to break into the hunter’s market. He wanted me
to check out some archaeological finds he showed me last year—a pretty nice, small Maritime Archaic ground
slate gouge—found on a beach below his fancy new house. We inspected the beach area it came from but found

!

p-v.

.

__

iWII—llPIII WHIIHII II1IWI

Fig 4.61 : Salmon Bay transfer print ceramic.

Fig 4.60: Salmon Bay site house foundation.

T

j

no other signs, and
nothing of red paint
to indicate it had
been in a burial.

Probably that beach
had had an MA site
that got washed
away recently. He
had shown the piece
to Jerry Penny in
St. Johns and got a
similar identification.

While inspecting

the area, we found a couple of possible hearths in situ in the woods near his house. Next year we might look
more closely at these as possible sites. There is one other important MA clue to follow up: Chad Caravans father,
Vince?, who lives in Miles Cove, found a bunch of MA tools in his yard some years ago. These materials are now
displayed in the Roberts Arm town library/town center building. I tried to get in to see them this summer, but
the place was always closed when I passed by. Sounds like Miles Cove needs to be checked out!

Fig 4.62: Maurice with his ‘'log snake ” at Lushes Bight. Photo by W. Richard

On Thursday, Will and I left after we had dropped off the dredge gear at Budgell’s for shipment to Montreal,
and drove down to Port aux Basques. We had a bit of extra time and made a side-trip to Stephenville and the
big, sandy Port au Port Peninsula that juts out into the Gulf from SW Newfoundland. There is supposed to be
some high-quality chert available here. We stopped briefly to look at the unusual limestone or chaulk pillars at
Kippens at the mouth of the Romaine River, but could not get close enough to check for chert. The ferry left Port
aux Basques on schedule at about 11:30pm and we had a smooth crossing to North Sydney, N.S., arriving Friday
morning about 6am. The rest of the day was a pleasant drive through NS, New Brunswick, and Maine to Wills
house, which we reached about 9pm Friday evening, stopping only for meals and a couple of boxes of Ganong’s
chocolates in St. Stephen. Now that the highway is finished, the new route bypasses the old Indian blueberry
store, so we don’t come sailing through US Customs with the aroma of muffins and big flats of berries in Will’s
Volvo. This year, our passage through Customs was enlivened by an official who had studied archaeology at the
University of Maine and had Alaric Faulkner as his favorite instructor. Sadly, Alaric died a couple of years ago at
a quite young age. It was nice to see a Customs official with an interest in archaeology; he’s clearly a special breed.
When we arrived in Georgetown, Will’s wife, Lindsay, put on a nice spread of wine and cheese. We were too tired
to have a real supper and this was a great way to re-emerge from fieldwork. We slept the night and Will drove
me down to Portsmouth Circle where I rendezvoused with Lynne, who drove over from Vermont and picked me
up. A casualty of the driving trip was the loss of my Gil camera battery and my green flash drive with Edward
Nelson and Harri Luukkanen files. I lost them somewhere along the way, out of my front pocket.

Project Summary

The 2013 field program provided an important conclusion to our explorations of Basque activities at the Hare
Harbor-1 site and contributed to a better definition of the Inuit occupation of the Quebec Lower North Shore by
further testing the Hart Chalet Inuit winter in Brador. At Hare Harbor, our excavations in Areas 9 and 10 refined
our understanding of Basque and Inuit activities on the land site. In Area 9 we excavated a hearth surrounded
by a border of roof tiles that produced only Basque/European materials—principally nails and earthenware
ceramics and nothing that related to the finds from the S-5 Inuit house and A8 midden—i.e. no soapstone
vessels, glass beads, clay pipes, reworked lead, chipped glass, or other Inuit-modified European objects. Area 9

+7

seems to have been a pure Basque component that may have
been part of the earliest Basque/European components at the
site, comparable perhaps to the sub-tile midden hearths north
of the S-l cookhouse. We shall await the verdict on the age
of the A9 material from ceramic analysis, but the presence
of yellow glazed platterware suggests an early, perhaps 16 th
century, date, and a time when there were no Inuit present at
the site. The A9 units south of the hearth seem to have been
used primarily as a place to dump tiles and broken ceramics
to help dry up this perpetually wet terrain. Other than the
hearth, no notable features were found, and the boulder
accumulations here seem to have arrived during the process
of clearing the site.

Area 10, around and between the large boulders immediately
Fig 4.63: Jerry Jones and Bill inspecting Mari- we st of the S- 1 cookhouse, seems to have been used as a

time Archaic finds. Photo by W. Richard dump for the S-l cookhouse, and, earlier, as the site of one of

the small baleen hearths of which several were found in Area
2 beneath the tile midden. The A10 baleen hearth was at the bottom of the midden deposit and was overlain by
materials similar to the S-l cookhouse, i.e. grey stoneware, glass beads, and soapstone. The several soapstone
pieces suggest that the cookhouse was staffed in part by Inuit women.

The underwater research expanded previous excavations and produced similar results from other pits excavated
at the top of the central ballast piles in 2012. Among the notable finds were many fragments of a glazed,
decorated porringer, pieces of EW cooking ware, remains of shoes, rope, fish and animal bones, wooden pins,
lead shot, and a small amount of glass. To save on

conservation costs, some recovered materials that
were similar to what we have collected previously
were photographed and documented and then
returned to the pits from which they came. The
stratigraphy encountered in these pits was the same
as found during the past several years. However, in
our 2013 units, the stratigraphy was complicated by
the presence of buried ballast stones that had to be
excavated and removed, making it difficult to see the
layer interfaces. On the other hand, we learned that
the midden accumulated of a piece’ with the ballast
stone deposits, suggesting many discrete episodes of
ballast dumping alternating with midden deposition.
This is what one would expect from repeated voyages
during which vessels returned to the anchorage,
dumped ballast, and then proceeded to accumulate
midden material.

Fig 4.64: Jeriy Jones’ house and beach. Photo by W
Richard

Finally, investigations along the shore adjacent to the anchorage produced no evidence of tryworks, or burned
rocks of tiles. Test pits in the bank showed roof tiles wedged between large boulders and mixed with marine clay,
supporting the view that a large rock-fall event occurred sometime during the Basque occupation.

AS

Our data from Hare Harbor-1 continue to suggest a brief occupation by late 16 th century Basque whale-hunters
who built small hearth, often with baleen paving, followed, decades later—toward the end of the 17 th C.—by
Basques or other fishermen who used grey stoneware as well as marmite cooking vessels, clay pipes, and who
erected a cookhouse and blacksmith shop. During this latter occupation, the Europeans seems to have been
joined by Inuit who established winter quarters and had access to the same European materials found in the
cookhouse and blacksmith shop. These Inuit built a winter house of sod, stone, whalebone, and charcoal and
their activities created a large midden in Area 8. The precise nature of the relationship between the Europeans

and the Inuit is difficult to decipher, but the
large amount of European materials found in
the Inuit sites suggests direct access to finished
products rather than from scavenging from
abandoned Basque occupations.

Our work at the Hart site refined our
knowledge of this large three-house village.

A photo of the site taken by René Levesque
in 1968 shows most of this area in tundra or
grass vegetation, ringed by a small clump of
spruce. Today the houses are buried in spruce
forest. We excavated a 1x8 m trench up the
entry passage and through the middle of
House 1, to its rear wall. No pavement stones
were found, and the only feature noted was
a small hearth ring in the center of the floor
and a raised platform at the rear (north)
end of the house. Raised areas with buried
rocks suggest hearth platforms are present
in the unexcavated SW and SE corners of

the dwelling. Before construction the house pit had been excavated into the sterile gravel which we found
immediately beneath the blackened soil of the house floor. Bone preservation was poor inside the house and only
a few pieces of tile, nails, and ceramics were found. However, in midden deposits outside the west wall, a number
of interesting ceramic finds were made as well as excellent samples of food remains. Stoneware suggests that
these dwellings probably date to the 17 th rather than the 16 th century, as we suspected from previous tests. The
absence of paved stone floors and entry passages also suggests a relatively late date for the occupation, because
the interior of these dwellings were floored with wood planking rather than stone slabs. This non-traditional
Inuit architecture suggests availability of European technology, like sawn planks, as well as nails, iron axes, and
saws. Tests in Houses 2 and 3 indicate similar architectural patterns as House 1, with wood floors and bone
middens. Further work needs to be done here and at the two Belles Amours Inuit winter houses to clarify their
ages and relationships with Europeans. Our excavations at Hare Harbor, Little Canso Island, Belles Amour, and
the Brador River Hart Chalet make it clear that for at least several decades, if not longer, in the 17 th century, Inuit
had a substantial year-round presence on the Quebec Lower North Shore from Blanc Sablon to Petit Mécatina.

Fig 4.65: Hare Harbor - 1 Areas 9 and 10 at the end of exca¬
vation. Photo by W. Richard

During our work at Brador we had a chance to visit Belles Amour and Middle Bay. The large number of boulder
pithouses at Belles Amour would be an excellent target for future archaeological work and tourism development.
These structures probably date to the last 3,000 years (no Maritime Archaic longhouses are present, quite likely

because these beaches are too low for the MA sea levels). They are mostly intact and could easily be excavated
and mapped. Some appear to be of Indian origin, while at least one large rectangular structure may be Inuit.
Clarissa Smith recommended we check out the landscape, called locally ‘Five Leagues,’ just east of Middle Bay.
The topography would make this area an excellent location for Inuit, Basque, and prehistoric sites. The region
is on a hiking trail that offers scenic views and opportunities for developing a historical panorama of potential
value for the regional tourism industry.

Fig. 4.66: Will, Perry, Nan, Louise, and Bill saying goodbyes
at seasons end.

5 - Mare M arbor -1 (E_b£>t~5)
Maps and | rofiles

16W

14W

12W

10W

8W

146 144 135 126

141 144 134 135

139 143 137 134

146 145 144 138

157 155 145 144

171 160 143 144

172 161 145 141

180 163 143 140

140

138

132

46

-no beads and no pipestems (except in 4S/ 5.5W)

Hare Harbor-1 A9

Elevation Map

All elev. are in cm below A9 datum

6W 4W 2W

A9 A is the OS

same elevation

as top of A8 big boulder

A9 Datum

V

Elevation same
as top of A8 big
boulder

RM/

WF

WR

WF/

WR

2S

4S

6S

AREA 10

A10 datum A
at 2E/6S square

8S

10f

5 2 -

Hare Harbor-1 (EdBt-3)

Rock Map Area 9,10

^5

Hare Harbor-1 (EdBt-3)

Overall Artifact Map

12W

10W

Ce

Ce

C9

Ce

F* x

C a 3 B Ce x *£e

X* Ce:

^ V ^ *

_ Ce Ce

□

C "L e Ce

Ce

Ce

Ce

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^ Ce

Ce

Ce

Cm v Ce

2W

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1X1 not excavated
© flat rock

# 123 depth below datum

C ceramic
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Cj majolica
Cm marmite

glaze fragment
[®] glass bead

□ glass

4 - pipe stem
ffl goblet glass
SS sandstone
S slate
m mica
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:: iron fragments
^ iron axe-like tool
V iron spike
t iron blade
® Nail cache
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I iron
© pyrite

C lead wrapped spike/sail
lead knife handle

roof tiles
charcoal feature
WB whalebone
bone

CD boulder
O paving stone
^ baleen

OS

2S

4S

6S

8S

10S

1. Adze

2. Leather strip

3. Lead "button"

4. Graphite lump

5. Pipe Bowl

6 . Lead Sheet

7. Pipe Bowl

Hare Harbor-1 (EdBt-3)

0 Ira 2m

Ceramics and Glass

12W

10W

8W

6W

4W

2W

Ce

Cec t s

Ce

Ce

Ce

Ce

Ce

Ce

Ce

Ce

Ce

Ce

Ce

i Ce

Ce

Ce

Ce

c# s

eg

Ce

Ce Ce

C£ e Ce Ce ce

Ce

Ce

Ce

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03

0)

not excavated
© flat rock
# 123 depth below datum

C ceramic
Ce earthenware
Cf faience

Cn normandy stoneware
Cg glaze earthenware
Cj majolica
Cm marmite
^> glaze fragment
® glass bead
□ glass
4 - pipe stem
H3 goblet glass
SS sandstone
i S slate
m mica
1 F flint

X chert chunk
Grosswater celt
O chalcedony flake
O chert flake

£ soapstone lamp/pot fragment
» quartz fragment
x nail w/o orientation
iron hook/ bent nail
:: iron fragments
$ iron axe-like tool
V iron spike
t iron blade
® Nail cache
*^,iron rod
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© pyite

lead wrapped spike/sail
0 °) lead knife handle

roof tiles
charcoal feature
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bone

C_) boulder
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OS

2S

4S

6S

8S

10S

1. Adze

2. Leather strip

3. Lead “button"

4. Graphite lump

5. Pipe Bowl

6 . Lead Sheet

7. Pipe Bowl

Hare Harbor-1 (EdBt-3)

0 lm 2m

Metal (excluding Nails)

(?) flat rock
# 123 depth below datum

C ceramic
Ce earthenware
Cf faience

Cn normandy stoneware
Cg glaze earthenware
Cj majolica
Cm marmite

glaze fragment
[®] glass bead
□ glass
pipe stem
ffl goblet glass
SS sandstone
S slate
m mica
F flint

X chert chunk
Grosswater celt
O chalcedony flake
O chert flake

£ soapstone lamp/pot fragment
o quartz fragment
x nail w/o orientation
o-* iron hook/ bent nail
:: iron fragments
^ iron axe-like tool
V iron spike
f iron blade
® Nail cache
'* s v^iron rod
I iron
© pyrite

lead wrapped spike/sail
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roof tiles
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bone
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0 baleen

1. Adze

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3. Lead "button”

4. Graphite lump

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56

8S

10S

Hare Harbor-1

fit

Nails Map

12W

10W

8W

6W

4W

2W

OS

2S

4S

6S

8S

10S

77

Hare Harbor-1 (EdBt-3)

Lithics Map

O

not excavated

\?) flat rock

# 123 depth below datum

C ceramic
Ce earthenware
Cf faience

Cn normandy stoneware
Cg glaze earthenware
Cj majolica
Cm marmite
^ glaze fragment
® glass bead
□ glass
4 - pipestem
ffl goblet glass
SS sandstone
S slate
m mica
F flint

X chert chunk
Grosswater celt
O chalcedony flake
O chert flake

£ soapstone lamp/pot fragment
m quartz fragment
x nail w/o orientation
l^ iron hook/ bent nail
:: iron fragments
^ iron axe-like tool
V iron spike
f iron blade
© Nail cache
^^iron rod
I iron
® Pyrite

^ lead wrapped spike/sail
lead knife handle

roof tiles
charcoal feature
WB whalebone
_B bone
boulder

O paving stone
0: baleen

1 . Adze

2. Leather strip

3. Lead "button"

4. Graphite lump

5. Pipe Bowl

6 . Lead Sheet

7. Pipe Bowl

85

10S

^5

Hare Harbor-1 (EdBt-3)

0 lm 2m

Bone and Baleen Map

(£) flat rock
# 123 depth below datum

C ceramic
Ce earthenware
Cf faience

Cn normandy stoneware
Cg glaze earthenware
Cj majolica
Cm marmite
^ glaze fragment
H glass bead
□ glass
pipe stem
ffl goblet glass
SS sandstone
S slate
m mica
F flint

X chert chunk
Grosswater celt
O chalcedony flake
O chert flake

soapstone lamp/pot fragment
« quartz fragment
X nail w/o orientation
iron hook/ bent nail
:: iron fragments
% iron axe-like tool
V iron spike
t iron blade
® Nail cache
t>5 ^iron rod
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® pyrite

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_B bone
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O paving stone
0 > baleen

1. Adze

2. Leather strip

3. Lead "button"

4. Graphite lump

5. Pipe Bowl

6. Lead Sheet

7. Pipe Bowl

59

8S

10S

Hare Harbor-1 (EdBt-3)

0 lm 2m

Profiles Map

12W 10W 8W 6W 4W 2W

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F xcavation (Jrut Oe 5cr *pt’fon5

This section presents summaries of each of the units excavated at the Hare Harbor-1 land site.

Hare Harbor-1 (EdBt-3)

Area 9 Hearth and Midden

0S/8W (WR, RM, WF) The north wall of OS 8W falls on a 10-25 cm high ledge that runs downslope one meter
south of the sites natural runoff ditch. When we cleared the sod we found the low “wall” was a narrow ridge of
bedrock, flush with the ground surface, covered with crushed roof tiles, probably built up to keep water from the
ditch out of the work area to the south. The rest of the upper level of the square seems to be a dump, having lots
of tiles, charcoal-stained soil, a few nails, flint fire-starter chips, the odd piece of ceramic and glass, and a lump
of pumice, the second one we have found at the site. Many of the rocks and tiles were “akimbo”—having been
dumped. Very little was found in the eastern side of the unit except large beach boulders and one interesting EW
rim sherd. However the SW quadrant produced lots of earthenware (some plain and some yellow-glazed), flint,
nails, and a small, thin, round wafer-like disc of lead with no markings or other sign of use or function; it may be
sprue left over from bullet-making (There is lots of evidence of lead shot underwater). All of this material, as in
OS/10W, came from the deepest black earth deposit, only a few cms above sterile ground, or in crevices between
beach rocks.

Fig 5.00: View of OS 8 W Photo by W. Richard

6b

Fig 5.01: 0S/8Wnails and ivoiy.

Fig 5.02: OS/8W artifacts.

K H - A<?

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Fig 5.03: 0S/8W burned bird bones.

Fig 5.04: OS/8 W artifacts.

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unit’s north wall. To the south the cultural level dipped down, containing black earth with charcoal and tiles, to
the beach cobbles at a depth of 35 cm. below the surface. 15-20 pieces of an earthenware vessel came from within
a meter area—almost certainly a single vessel—and a couple pieces of yellow-glazed EW.

Fig 5.05: View of 0S/10W Photo by W. Richard

Fig 5.06: 0S/10Wnails and iron.

Fig 5.09: 0S/10W ceramics.

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2S/10W (WF) This unit had a mound-like surface 10-
15cm higher that the surrounding units, Its upper level
contained several nails, a fragment of a grindstone, and a
few pieces of earthenware. The mound soon was emerged
as a large hearth composed of decomposed rock slabs and
burned cobbles set in a matrix of clayey brown ‘hearth
sand’ mixed with charcoal, burned tiles, a few nails, pockets
of burned bird bone, and a few white glazed earthenware
similar to that found in 0S/10W. The hearth was defined
by a rough circle of round rocks outside of which was
black earth containing tile fragments and a few nails. In
the southern part of the hearth a patch of tan soil with
charcoal produced a concentration of EW sherds (some
with yellow glaze), nails, calcined bone, and other material.

As we excavated further, the base of the hearth was found
to be paved with flat slabs of mica schist. The brown sand
is only found inside the hearth ring, and outside one finds
only black charcoal- and carbon-rich soil filled with tile
fragments and the occasional nail. In the lower black earth,
which was heavily enriched with charcoal, tiles disappear
and pottery, nails, and strike-a-light flakes appear. This
layer grades into sterile undisturbed peat. One interesting
find was the rim of a yellow-glazed dish, reminding me of similar pieces from the blacksmith shop, supposedly
one of the earliest pieces of ceramic on the site. This sherd was found at the base of the culture level.

Fig 5.11: North view of 2S/10W. Upper Level
hearth. Photo by W. Richard

Fig 5. 12: View of 2S/10W, Lower Level hearth. Fig 5.13: 2S/10W iron artifacts.

Photo by W. Richard

7 1

Fig 5.14: 2S/10W iron nails and objects.

Fig 5.15: 2S/10W ceramics and glass.

Fig 5.16: 2S/10Wartifacts.

72

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75

4S/8W (WR, WF) This unit had fewer tiles and more ceramics and black earth than 2S/8W Its function is
difficult to determine, but it contained a continuation of the deep midden deposits of tile, charcoal, nails, and
earthenware found in 2S/8W, and a 30 cm long piece of baleen. After a rainfall that flooded this square for
several days, we continued excavation, finding considerable amounts of earthenware in one spot, and in another,
a cluster of marmite sherds, including two
fitting pieces with check-stamp decorative
bands. Most of these sherds came from the
lower part of the black earth, below the tile
concentration and therefore from the early
stage of occupation before tiles were spread
as a pavement on the soggy soil. In another
location we uncovered part of an earthenware
cup, smashed and upside-down. There were
very few nails and no stoneware. Small eroded
fragments of a glazed porringer were also
recovered (little glaze intact), as well as a piece
of white starter flint, a basal piece of EW with
a remnant green-yellow glaze, and a few strips
of baleen.

Fig 5.17: View of 4S/8W. Photo by W Richard

The area from 4S to 7S lies in the drainage
path for the southern part of the site, and
consequently some of the dumping of tiles,

rock, and midden was probably to dry up the mucky ground. At the bottom of the black earth we found quite
a bit of charcoal, but the transition from charcoal/tile cultural deposits to sterile ground was often to peat
instead of to beach sand, with tile often at the midden/peat interface. There seemed to be no purpose to the rock
distribution except for a single heavy slab present in the SE corner of this unit. The few small slabs present were
tossed in, like tiles, to dry up the ground, not to serve as pavement.

Fig 5.18: 4S/8W ceramics.

Fig 5.19: 4S/8W iron.

Fig 5.20: 4S/8Wceramics.

Fig 5.22: 4S/8W ceramics.

77

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6S/10W, 8S/10W (WF, RM) This unit and 8S/10W was covered with spruce thicket in 2012. After clearing
in 2013 we found both to have large boulders, some of which appeared to have been rolled into their present
positions. With no sod present because of the spruce growth, the cultural level was nearly at the surface and
consisted of a thin layer of tiles and charcoal-stained soil over sterile sand. Other than tiles and nails, there were
no artifacts. The rocks may have been used to produce charcoal, as in A7, but unlike A7 they were not buried in
deep deposits of pure charcoal.

Fig 5.23: View of 6S/10W. Photo by W. Richard

Fig 5.24: View of 8S/J0W Photo by W Richard

80

8S/14W (RM) This unit had been tested with a 50x50 cm. pit earlier because it contained a cluster of boulders,
and this test was expanded into a full unit in 2013 for clarification. It produced only a couple of seal ear bones,
some mammal long bone fragments, and a large nail. Under the turf a 5- 10cm layer of black earth was present
with tile fragments and charcoal, and below that, sterile peat above beach rocks.

Fig 5.25: View of8S/14W. Photo by W Richard

Fig 5.26: 8S/14W iron and bone finds.

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Area 10 Midden (we established a new datum north of 4S/4W, 115 cm above the A9 datum level.)

2S/2W (RM, WF) The 2S/2W and 4S/2W units are only one meter west of the Si excavation of 2002/3. There
were very few artifacts other than nails in 2S/2W, although a single EW vessel bottom (porringer?) turned up
in the basal deposit along the north wall, along with many nails. Quite a few large rocks stuck up in this square
above the general level of the beach stones.

Fig 5.27: View of 2S/2W. Photo by W. Richard

Fig 5.28: 2S/2JV iron, glass, and ceramics.

85

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4S/2W (WR, WF) This unit, north of the rising south ridge outcrop, was a different story. While turfing, we
found a large oval while bead with blue stripes, an earthenware bowl rim with a collar like ones we’ve seen on
grey stoneware, a sherd of grey stoneware, and nails. The black earth level contained mostly charcoal and tiles,
with nails and a couple of grey stoneware fragments but almost no earthenware. In the western side of the
unit, beside the large boulder, Will found a clay pipe with fluted bowl decoration, and on the south side of the
unit, at the bottom of the black earth just above beach cobbles, a small slab stone hearth appeared with baleen
strips around its western side. The earth around this hearth was densely packed peat and charcoal. This hearth
resembles the small hearths we found east of the cook-house, except the latter had lots of earthenware sherds in
them. The other major find was a piece of Inuit, soapstone cooking vessel with several drilled repair holes. This,
the glass bead, clay pipes, and the Normandy stoneware, link to the cookhouse finds, so we can be confident that
these squares and probably 4S/4W also—i.e. all of Area 10—are dumps associated with the upper level of the
cook-house occupation.

Fig 5.30: 4S/2W soapstone, glass, pipe, and ceramics.

86

Fig 5.31: 4S/2W iron finds.

Fig 5.33: 4S/2W ceramics, glass, pipe, and ce¬
ramics.

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4S/4W (WR) This one-meter square is framed by large boulders and is located between Area 9 and the Si
cookhouse, at the bottom of a slope that begins at the west edge of the structure. This unit also tapped into
ground water and was often flooded, but it produced important finds: fragments of a porringer with all but a few
patches of glaze spalled off. Sherds of a couple other ceramic types also appeared, including a glazed polychrome
vessel sherd resembling Chinese porcelain. An iron adze was also found at the top of the culture layer, and rim
and shoulder fragments of a strap-handled jar, marmite rims and handles, grey stoneware, more parts of the EW
porringer, a sandstone whetstone, iron spikes, a piece of baleen, and another wall fragment of an Inuit soapstone
pot with mending holes. The stoneware and soapstone link this material to the cookhouse, only a few meters
upslope, making this most likely the Si midden.

Fig 5.36: 4S/4Wglass and ceramics.

Fig 5.37: 4S/4Wiron adze.

Fig 5.39: 4S/4W iron adze.

Fig 5.4L' 4S/4Wwhetstone.

Fig 5.43: 4S/4Wearthenware.

9 1

Fig 5.38: 4S/4W ceramics.

Fig 5.42: 4S/4W nails.

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95

Shoreside Rock-fall

One of the peculiarities of Hare Harbor-1, as a Basque site, is the absence of shore-based try-works. We often
wondered if they might be present beneath the large rock-fall that had accumulated between the cliff and the
north shore of the anchorage. The last major fall in this area includes huge blocks, some measuring many meters
in diameter. Investigating this area several years ago, I found roof tiles wedged under some of the large blocks,
suggesting the fall occurred at or shortly after the Basque occupation. To explore further, this summer I made
several test pits at the lower limit of the rock-fall, which did not reach the shore. Roof tiles were plentiful in the
eroding ground above the tideline. None of these tiles, or other rocks in the land-wash, or underwater, had been
found burned or blubber-encrusted—a common occurrence at Red Bay and other 16 th century Basque whaling
stations.

About ten meters north (upslope) from the shore where we first found tiles eroding I found tiles beneath fern
roots in black-brownish soil, and below that, a grey marine clay, also with tiles and a piece of worked quartz
Excavating elsewhere among the rounded beach bounders (as opposed to rock-fall) I found more tiles, some
wedged between beach rocks and mixed with clay. Many of the boulders have air spaces between them. This and
the presence of clay suggest these rocks were dislodged from glacial marine deposits during a rock-fall event. If
this clay was an in situ marine deposit there would be no air spaces and no way for tiles to become incorporated.
There are also tiles in the black soil above the boulders, perhaps indicating continued use of the site after the
rock-fall. The continuing absence of try-works and of burned and encrusted tiles and try-work rock suggests
that (1) whaling was not a major activity during the Basque activities at Hare Harbor; (2) land-based try-works
were not utilized; (3) that a rock-fall event occurred during ore immediately following Basque occupation; and
(4) rock-fall may have been a factor in the site’s abandonment. It may also indicate that charcoal-fired ship-board
try-works were being used by the time our site was occupied in the 17 th century.

Fig 5.44: Basque tiles are found between and under the cliff rock-fall, embedded in
marine clay.

6 - i~iare f~~jarbor~ Î 20 1 5 (Jnderwater
^ite Report by ri kr^ aneuf

Methodology

The 2013 underwater field season marked the seventh and last season of exploring the submerged Basque
remains. The divers Erik Phaneuf, Sarai Berreiro Argüelles, Marijo Gauthier-Bérubé and David Légaré logged
overall 70 dives totalising approximately 75 hours of combined bottom time. Together with the Smithsonian
team, the crew lived on the Pitsiulak anchored in Hare-Harbour from the second day of August until the 14th
August. Work days were divided in two dives in the morning and two dives in the afternoon. On each dive, two
divers worked side by side in a buddy system using a dredge constructed with polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes 6
inches wide and a flexible hose of the same width, Captain Perry Colbourne, who once again left its daily duties
on the Pitsiulak, not only assisted when the divers re-encountered surface gravity at the end of each dive but also
managed during the average 70 minutes dive two continuously-running 5 horsepower HondaTM motor pumps.
The motor pump 3 inche exit hose fed the dredges through a reducing coupling and 40 meters of 2 inches and
a half in fire hoses. At an average depth of 5 meters, the pumps were mostly operated at half throttle in order to
provide a better control for the removal of sediment. Dredges spoil was inspected during and at the end of each
dive since no screening of the sediments could be made. Each test units stratigraphy was recorded using con¬
ventional terrestrial recording method with a special Mylar TM paper and non-refillable Sharp Writer mechani¬
cal pencil using a twist-to-advance mechanism. Finally, after each dive, notes and observations were gathered
in a field journal by each diver. Shallow water made for water temperatures ranging between 40 and 55 degrees
Fahrenheit, and bottom visibility averaged 20 feet. On the surface, Marijo inventoried and photographed the en¬
tire artifact collection. Sarai produced drawings of some ceramics, and the leather and most wood artifacts were
returned to the bottom.

LEGEND

HARE HARBOUR 1

UNDERWATER SITE
EdBt-3
2006-2013

2006

2007

2008
2011
2012
2013

RalUrtt (Ml*

Visible whale bones
41» Shoreline

rpia Wooden timber
Hatolin*
f~l Test-pit
N- Girtj>|>)in<j «ruhor
*“* * Depth line

Terresiiial slle

shoreline

shoreline

roof tile concentration
visible on the bottom

C& ATCOM

Fig 6.00: Map of undei~water excavation area. 2013 units shown in orange.

97

Underwater Research

The three 4m 2 meters units excavated this year were located at the shallow north end of Stone Pile 6 only ten
meters from shore (Figure 6.00). Unit C3-3 extended east from last year’s C3-2 square where three chafing dishes
were found. Unit C3-4 was set directly east of the C3-3, and C3-5 extended C3-4 to the north, for a total 12m 2 of
excavated area.

As in previous years, we found the underwater cultural strata correlated closely with activities onshore. Hori¬
zontal distribution of strata was similar to previous years with two exceptions. The first exception is a thin layer
of compact clay separating the natural sediment and the organic layer. The organic layer is an accumulation of
desodded peat that had in its upper part a greater concentration of woodchips. At this depth, 5 meters below the
surface, the division between peat and wood chips is not as well defined as it was in previous, deeper, excava¬
tions. All five C3 operations presented only a slight boundary between the two layers and was never as evident as
in the units excavated at the 10 meters depth. Mixed within this organic stratum are numerous ballast stones, ce¬
ramics, bird and mammal bones, nuts, lead buckshot, occasional roof tiles fragments, and the constant presence
of coopering materials. In 2013, the second exception was a layer of pebbles, sandwiched between the organic
layers, which may represent a dump of chalupa ballast. Lying on top of the organic stratum is a semi-compact
layer of sandy silt., most of the earthenware, rope fragments and some leather shoe are found in the first 15 cm
overlaying the organic layer. Numerous roof tiles are distributed throughout the matrix with largest pieces found
in the lower first 20 cm. Ballast stones are present in great number in the lower part of this level; it has pockets
of cultural material observed within its interstices. The occupation is covered by a post-Basque sandy stratum
where only occasional fragments of tiles are found and what resembles disturbances caused by the physical drag¬
ging of small anchors. Some rare 19th century ceramics and graplins were observed in the eastern half of the site
and whisky bottles with the five dot marks are found just beneath the surface sediment or resting directly on top
of the ballast pile.

Unit C3-3 This 2m x
2m unit was excavated
directly east C3-2 unit.

The first surface layer
(Fig. 6.01) averaged 30 cm
in thickness This post-
Basque deposit is made
of loose sand with oc¬
casional living and dead
shells, and tiles are found
in greater concentra¬
tion of cultural elements
in a depth of 20 cm. It
is where large ceramic
fragments, like half a roof
tile, a large bottom of an
orange common paste
glazed large pot and lip
fragments of a cooking
were encountered. In the Fig 6.01: North profile of C3-3.

PROFIL STRAT1GRAPHIQUE
EdBt-3
C3-3

Paroi nord

0 10 20 30cm

Légende
1 j sablefin
^Bois

Couche organique
| | Horton darglie

| | Sable stérile

Pie ™ 5

Erik Phaneuf, dessin original de Sarai Berreiro-Arguelles, août 2013

.-a-* ATCOM

Fig 6.02: C3-3 during ballast removal on Layer 2. Arrow’ points to
small whale vertebra.

Fig 6.03: C3-3 excavation with C3-4 to the rear. Ballast stones on right
corner are from 2012 C2-2.

southern half of the unit, more than 50 ballast stones were removed from within the matrix of layer 1. The ballast
interstices were filled with a soft and gelantinous clay with occasional fish bones in small concentration, frag¬
mentary roof tiles, and scattered ceramic fragments. Ballast stones as well as roof tiles are found resting directly
on the organic Layer 2. Most of the ceramic collection, along with a small whale caudal bone were concentrated
within the upper 10 cm and at the interface of LI to L2 (Fig. 6.01). A physical division between the matrix of
layer 1 and the top of the occupation level (abandonment) was not clearly observed.

Layer 2 ranged in thickness from 50 to 70 cm and was composed mostly of organic material and sizes, logs, sticks
and bark mixed with pockets of peat roots, and a small whale caudal vertebra Fig. 6.02) mainly wood chips and
flakes of different sizes, logs, sticks and bark mixed with pockets of peat and roots, and a small whale caudal ver¬
tebra. A large number of ballast stones was found within this stratum (Fig. 6.03). The layer appeared to present
two stratigraphic sub-units divided without a clear break between them. In the upper half we observed a higher
concentration of branches, logs, bark, and large wooden flakes, fragments of roof tiles, occasional pieces of rope
in a very fragile state, and small pockets of medium-size codfish spines and fins in anatomical position. Leather
shoes and a whale vertebra were found in the upper part of the organic layer (Fig. 6.04). In this upper interface
was also found two lead bullets a glass bead, and a wooden bead. The lower half contained more peat and roots
as well as small pockets of medium-size codfish bones also in anatomic position, lead buckshot, wooden and an
ivory bead (Fig. 6.05 & 6.06), ceramic sherds of numerous types (Fig. 6.07), two whale bones, bird and mammal

Fig 6.04: Detail of whale vertebra in C3-3 along with roof tiles and ballast stones
in lower part of Level 1.

1 OO

Fig 6.05 and 6.06: Serrated wooden bead and ivory bead fi'-om C3-3 Level 2.

bones, a caribou antler, and at least three different shoes.

Fig 6.07: Faience porringer from C3-4.

A log limited excavation of the lower interface of the north¬
west corner extending into the southern corner. Around it
and under the log were numerous fragments of rope and
rare small fragment of roof tile.

Layer 3, the same as Layer 5 in unit C3-4, was on average 3
cm thick and consisted of pure grey clay). The presence of
this layer is new to the underwater site, and its formation is
still uncertain. It is possible that this level resulted from a
rock-fall event from the cliff that nearly reached the shore
and dislodged clay from uplifted marine sediments along
the northern side of the harbor. The clay might also have
been come from the removal of sod from the site. The layer
was free of artifact or any apparent inclusions.

Layer 4, the deepest, was composed of fine compact gray
sand with rare angular rocks 5 to 10 cms in diameter. This
compact layer was excavated to a depth of 20 cm and here,
as elsewhere in every underwater operation, never con¬
tained traces of human occupation and is considered a pre-
Basque natural marine deposit.

1 O 1

Unit C3-4 This 2x2 m unit was ex¬
cavated directly east of unit C3-3 (Fig.
6.08). When observing the C3-4 north
wall stratigraphic profile two differ¬
ences were seen as compared to the
C3-3 northern profile (Fig. 6.09). First,
LI and L2 occur as two separate layers
while in C3-3 it formed only one layer.
L2 is a semi-compact silt matrix from
which we removed more than 50 bal¬
last stones. Artifacts are found within
this matrix with a higher percentage
at its lower interface. Layer 3 is this
years surprise. Exposed over the entire
surface of the unit, L3 was a thick ma¬
trix of beach pebbles which ends at the
limit separating units C3-3 and C3-4..
Averaging less than 20 cm in diameter,
these flat rounded stones are present in
a stratum more than 50 cm thick. One
interesting feature of this layer is the
presence of silex/flint nodules of Euro-

0 10 JO 30cm

PROFIL STRATIGRAPHIQUE
EdBt-3
C3-4
Parol nord

I

|_jlinryi pcuviWcur

f [rtsrgiyidtçiteü

r f A ZCOM

Frik PharvHit d^win orlqtrvAl d^ Marljo <>.>out 2011

Fig 6.09: North wall of C3-4.

i 02

Fig 6.10: C3-4 upper level showing SP-6 ballast.

pean origin. Layer 3 may represent chaluupa ballast. On the
eastern profile (Fig. 6.08), Layer 3 is sandwiched within the
organic Layer 4. This is not observed on the northern wall.

In C3-4, the organic layer rests again on a thin L5 made of
pure grey clay separating the L4 organic layer and the L6 pre-
Basque sandy deposit.

The east wall profile shows ballast stones within L2 and L4.
Other than L3 (the txalupa ballast deposit, which seems to
be a single dumping event), SP-6 seems to have resulted from
multiple episodes of ballast dumping. While primarily found
within the organic layer, ballast stones also appear within L2.
So far, attempts to determine the origin of these rocks has
failed. The exposed limestone rocks are pitted with pholade
shellfish tunnels, whereas the buried stones are free of bur¬
rowing effects. These limestone rocks in the organic layer are
partly decomposed and always have a soft, chalky surface.
Many artifacts are found within the ballast matrix (Fig.6.11).
Nearly one hundred stones were removed from L2 and L3.

All were manageable for one person to carry, but some were
nearly a meter in length. Artifacts in L2 and L4 were similar
to those found in C3-3. This year we found numerous frag¬
ments of a lusterware porringer (Fig. 6.12) similar in style to
an handle recovered from C2-2 in 2012. Another interesting
ceramic vessel found this year is a faience porringer deco-

l 05

Fig 6.11: Northeast corner of C3-4 showing
chaluupa ballast.

rated with a linear geometric motif hand
painted with blue strokes. It was found
within C3-3 and C3-4 upper organic layer.
More frequent this year than in previous
seasons were small lead birdshot pellets
and the irregular pieces created when bird-
shot is made by dripping molten lead into
water. L5, the semi-compact, sandy pre-
Basque layer observed throughout the site,
was also seen here (Fig. 6.13).

Unit C3-5 This 4 m 2 square excavated
directly north of C3-3 confirmed previous
observations in this part of the site (Fig.
6.14, 6.15). Layer 1 was excavated for more
than 50 cm. The sandy matrix of Layer
1 was slightly compact in the upper half
and getting more compact in depth. Some
ballast stones were present in this layer,

Rg 6.12: Lust env are porringer from C3-3. averaging 30 cm in length, the stones were

in lower number than in unit C3-4. Large

fragments of roof tiles, up to half a tile, were observed distributed heterogeneously within the layer. Ceramic and
lead artifacts were found at the lowest interface resting directly on the organic Layer 2.

Fig 6.13: Birdshot and melted lead droplets from L4
and C3-4.

The organic layer was composed of many fragments
of wood chips, some longer than 30 cm and 10 cm in
width and up to 3cm in thickness. Within the roots,
branches and peat, leaves, and what resemble crow-
berry branches were observed. Ballast stones were
present in higher number in the upper layer rest¬
ing on and within the organic matrix. Some were
observed resting directly on the pre-Basque layer
of sterile compact sand, illustrated as Layer 4 in the
western wall. Rare fragments of common ceram¬
ics and small roof tiles are found in this layer along
with bird, fish, and some mammal bones. Layer 3 in
unit C3-4, thought to be chalupa ballast stones, was
observed only in the western southern part of the
unit; in fact the layer ended in unit C3-5. The pre-
Basque layer was again made of compact sand and
was excavated to a depth of 20 cm in the center part
of the unit.

1 OT-

PROFIL STRATIGRAPHIQUE
EdBt-3
C3-5

Paroi ouest

0 10 20 30cm

Légende

j j Sable fin
( j Limon peu sableux
Couche organique
j ~ [ Horizon de galets
[ 1 Sable stérile

Çÿ Pierres

& •‘#0® AZCOM

Erik Phaneuf, dessin original de Margo Gauthier-Bérubé, août 2013

Fig 6.14: C3-5 west profile.

PROFIL STRATIGRAPHIQUE
EdBt-3

C3-5

Paroi nord

0 io 20 30cm

Légende
1 | Sable fin

ffijcouche organique
P | Sable stérile
Pierres

Erik Phaneuf. dessin original deMaryoGauthisT-Bénjbé,aout 2013

Fig 6.15: C3-5 north profile.

) 05

Hare Harbor Summary

The 2013 field program concluded more than a decade of work at the Hare Harbor site and further defined the
Inuit occupation of the Quebec Lower North Shore. At Hare Harbor our excavations in Areas 9 and 10 strength¬
ened evidence for an early Basque component. Underwater research revealed stratigraphy and finds similar to
what was recovered during the past several years. We learned that the underwater midden accumulated together
with the growth of the largest ballast stone piles, suggesting multiple episodes of ballast dumping alternating
with midden deposition over a period of years. Investigations along the shore adjacent to the anchorage pro¬
duced no evidence of tryworks, or burned rocks or tiles. However, test pits showed roof tiles mixed with marine
clay between and beneath the rock-fall boulders and debris, supporting evidence for an avalanche event dur¬
ing the Basque occupation. Evidence from land suggests an event during or after the Basque occupation while
underwater stratigraphy of marine clay at the bottom of the organic levels suggests an event before the Basque
occupation. These data suggest the possibility of two events at each end of the Basque/Inuit occupation.

Over the seven seasons dedicated to the underwater archaeological exploration of Hare Harbor, a bit more
than 440 hours of combined bottom time allowed completion of a comprehensive site plan and the excavation
of approximately 65 m 2 of bottom surface area. The 2013 field season extended the excavations begun in 2012
to explore deposits between the ballast piles and the shore. As previously, we found fine and common cooking
ceramics, bones, and an organic layer composed of peat and roots resulting from initial site land clearance as
well as wood debitage from log squaring, possibly for construction of a fishing stage, chalupa building, or timber
produced for shipment to Europe. Further analysis may offer a clearer picture of activities at the Hare Harbor site
and narrow down its occupation dates.

The underwater site not only supplied crucial information about daily activities and commercial operations; it
depicts a completely different image from what has been gathered on land. Charcoal production, possible Inuit
coeval occupation with Basques, and the smithy and cook-house activities that are so prominent on land are
silent in the underwater record. Some activities are evident both on land and underwater. Land clearing, fishing
coopering, and to an extent, daily occupation of the site, testify characteristically to a Basque presence as found
in Labrador, Newfoundland, and the Strait of Belle Isle. Coopering and to an extent, small boat repairing, are
also well-defined in the underwater collection. Cooperage materials and some similar types of ceramic artifacts
are found in both dry and wet contexts. Activities like whaling and especially cod exploitation that were promi¬
nent in the underwater collections are quite elusive in the terrestrial sequence of events. The Petit Mécatina
excavation demonstrates that both land and underwater research are different but complement each other in a
way that is invaluable in reconstructing a fuller picture of the economy and activities of the site.

References

Fitzhugh, William W., Anja Herzog, Sophia Perdikaris, and Brenna McLeod

2011 Ship to Shore: Inuit, Early Europeans, and Maritime Landscapes in the Northern Gulf of St. Lawrence.
In The Archaeology Maritime Landscapes: When the Land Meets the Sea , edited by Ben Ford, pp. 99-128. New
York: Springer.

Fitzhugh, William W, Erfk Phaneuf, and Vincent Delmas

2013a Basque and Inuit Archaeology at Hare Harbor-1 and Little Canso Island-1, Quebec Lower North Shore.
Provincial Archaeology’ Office. 2012 Archaeology Review 11:48-73. Government of Newfoundland and Labra-

dor. (co-authors:) http://www.tcr.gov.nl.ca/tcr/pao/arch_in_nl/

Fitzhugh, William W., Erik Phaneuf, Vincent Delmas, Anja Herzog, Lourdes Odriozola Oyarbide, and Jennifer
Poulin

2013b The Gateways Project 2012: Land and Underwater Excavations at Hare Harbor, Petit Mecatina, and
Little Canso Island. Washington DC: Arctic Studies Center, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian
Institution. (http://www.mnh.si.edu/arctic/html/pdf/fieldreport2012longFINAL.pdf)

Grenier, Robert, Marc-André Bernier, and Willis Stevens

2007 L ’archéologie subaquatique de Red Bay, la construction navale et la pêche de la baleine basques au
XVle siècle. 1652 pages. Ottawa: Parks Canada.

Levesque, René

1968 Rapport Préliminaire 1968. Manuscript report published by La Société dArchéologie de la Côte Nord.
MCCQ and Arctic Studies Center, Smithsonian Institution.

/ - Mart C.haiet-1 (EL<Bh ~^7)

j |art (^,Kaiet Maps, fdnds, and
(Jnit prescriptions

1 03

Hail Chalet Excavations

After finishing at Hare Harbor we returned to the Hart Chalet Inuit village site (EiBh-47) on Bradore Bay. Time
did not allow full excavation of House 1, the easternmost of three sod and earth dwellings; but we completed a
1x8 m. trench from the entry to the rear (north) wall. Previous work at the site had produced diagnostic Inuit
artifacts (ivory needle-case, whale bone sled runner, iron arrowhead, stone bead) and large amounts of roof tile,
iron nails, and food bone. We hoped to obtain a date of occupation, expand the artifact inventory, and determine
the size, shape, and construction of the houses.

The Hart Chalet is a small one-room cottage on the wooded shore less than a kilometer west of the Bradore
River. Today s landscape is very different from just fifty years ago when a photograph by René Levesque shows
the site as a clearing surrounded by low spruce, larch, and willows, with most of the shore clear of vegetation.
Now the site is completely bushed in with spruce and tamarack. On the path from the cottage to the shore we
found flakes of Ramah chert, so the Inuit had chosen to live well above the current beach and its marshy fore¬
shore. When the chalet was built in the late 1960s a lane wide enough for a car grazed the east wall of House 1.
Construction of the cottage damaged the outer part of the H 1 entry passage and its external midden, and accord¬
ing to the Harts, a large quantity of tile and nails were removed. Today all three Inuit houses are either partially
or completely grown over with 30-40 year old spruce.

Test pits in the grassy clearing around the cottage reveal evidence of prehistoric occupation in the form of chert
flakes and fire-cracked rocks in the upper, sandy soil horizon. This inorganic level is overlain by a buried humus
level representing the original ground surface, and above this one finds sterile sandy/gravelly soil that the Inuit
removed in the process of excavating the pit for House 1. Above this back-dirt is a charcoal-rich midden layer
resulting from the Inuit occupation containing animal bones and artifacts. Above this lies the modern grassy sod
and humus.

The 1x8 m. trench was too narrow to reveal much of the interior, but it confirmed that the house was an Inuit
winter dwelling, even though certain features of typical Labrador Inuit architecture were missing. First, there is
no slab pavement in the entry or the house interior; rather, the presence of small nails suggested a floor of wood
planks. Second, no cold trap or step-up was present between the entry passage and the house interior. Third,
while a rear sleeping platform was present it lacked the vertical slab-rock retaining wall usually present at the
front edge of the platform; instead a log or plank retainer may have been used. Although not excavated, there are
indications of side benches along the east and west walls and clusters of rocks in the SE and SW corners suggest
the locations of fireplaces or lamp stands. This house also differs from the Petit Mécatina and Little Canso Island
Inuit dwellings in lacking a slab-paved entry and floor, perhaps indicating closer contact with Europeans and
availability of wood planks. Also unusual was the small number of finds from the house interior: only a few nails
a few pieces of roof tile and earthenware were found.

Test pits were excavated outside each of the three houses to test midden depth and faunal preservation. Pit 4 and
4A outside the west wall of H 1 produced many nails and bones, as well as an iron arrow point, stoneware and
earthenware sherds, a blue seed bead, and other finds. Another in the H2 entry revealed a large whale bone roof
or floor member. The walls and interior of this house had been grown over by spruce trees, but in the middle
of the floor we found an open test pit excavated years ago by Clifford Hart. A H3 test produced nails, tile, and
caribou bone. Tests south of the cottage porch revealed a shallow wood-lined ditch running down-slope from
the porch into the woods; it is unclear whether this feature is associated with the Inuit occupation or the Hart
cottage.

Artifacts recovered from House 1 and the test pits are consistent from feature to feature: large numbers of nails
and roof tiles; various types of stoneware and earthenware; fragments of iron knife blades and points; worked
bone, bottle glass, and glass beads. Nothing especially diagnostic came to light this year, but what was found
resembled finds from other Inuit sites on the LNS. Further refinement of dating will have to await analysis of the
ceramics. The bone assemblages from Little Canso Island and Hart Chalet include seal and caribou, with smaller
amounts of birds and small mammals—all consistent with cold season occupation. Unlike Hare Harbor, little
charcoal was found in the cultural deposits at Little Canso Island and Hart Chalet.

Hart Chalet (EiBh-47)

Other than several small 50x50cm test pits which we placed around the site area, our major work here was to
excavate a trench in House 1.

Hart Chalet
Inuit Village

/

H3

\

\

/

Former
/ Garden

\

\

Spruce forest

}

Cleared

Road

Access

/

i 1 î

Hart Chalet
House 1
17 Aug. 2013

@tree

Datum Triangle

î 1 2

House 1 Trench After clearing brush and lower limbs from several 30-40-year old spruce trees growing in
House 1, we established a datum near the NW corner of the house and gridded out a 1x8 m. trench through its
center, from the outer end of the entry passage to the rear wall. The stratigraphy was simple: a few cm. of turf
above a thin 1-2 cm. thick black earth layer containing Inuit deposits, and below this, sterile beach subsoil. The
original grey leached A horizon had been dug away when the Inuit excavated the house pit. On the house floor
we found no paving slabs, only a greasy surface with a few—mostly small—nails, charcoal, an occasional bone,
and a few pieces of stoneware. It seemed like the floor had been paved with logs or planks—probably the latter,
accounting for some of the small nails. Rock piles stood on either side of the entry passage where it entered the
house, but no cold trap or lintel stones were present. A few small beach cobbles were on the house floor, mostly
likely roof rocks; but in Unit 4, at the outer (south) end of the entrance passage, a small cobble hearth was found
under the Inuit floor, surrounded by a cluster of small flint chips in a remnant leached grey A zone that had
not been disturbed—a small prehistoric Indian hearth. In the center of the house, there was a second cobble
feature, possibly a hearth, this one on the house floor. A 20 cm. rise between Units 1 and 2 marked the transition
between the main floor and the sleeping platform. Like the house floor, the sleeping platform was not paved and
was probably decked with wood, as several small nails were found at floor level here, as well as a couple larger
spikes that probably were roof timber fastenings. The rear wall was about 60 cm wide and slightly higher than
outside ground level; the side and front walls were wider and thicker. Surface inspection showed rock piles in
each of the front corners of the house—probably oil lamp stands or cooking hearth platforms. No soapstone
sherds were found anywhere on the site.

Only a few pieces of tile and
a rotted bone from TP 1

Hart Chalet
House 1

Test Pit Profiles
TPI -TP3

Turf

Peat

Sterile Grey Sand

Black Earth
(Cultural Layer)

O

_ c

Test Pit 3

5

tiles, bone (rotted), ceramic,

1 grey chert flake

10

All cultural material was

15

in the upper mixed sandy

20

humus/ charcoal level

25

1. tan ceramic lid or jar base

30

2. grey chert flake

Fig 7.00: Artifact from TP 2. Fig 7.01: Artifact from TP 2.

Trench West Profile: 0 West to 8 West

Hart Chalet
Trench Profile 2013

o

Hart Chalet

^ House 1 Trench

D

C

B

A

C ceramic
Ce earthenware
Cn normandy stoneware
Cg glaze earthenware
^ glaze fragment
® glass bead
D 9 lass
^ pipe stem
F flint

X chert chunk
Q chert flake

x nail w/o orientation
« iron fragments
V iron spike
t iron blade
I iron

roof tiles
charcoal feature
WB whalebone
_B bone
Çj) boulder
O paving stone
^ baleen

1 14

Unit A

Unit B

Unit C, with shell cobble hearth

Unit D, sleepingbench area.

Fig 7.02: ClockM’ise from top left: Hart Chalet, House 1 Unites A-D. North to right.

Fig 7.03: Artifact from Unit A.

Fig 7.04: Artifact from Unit A.

Fig 7.05: Artifact from Unit D.

i 15

Test Pit 4, 4A This test was an extension of a previous TP we excavated just outside the west wall of HI. As
in the past, our 2013 work revealed this to be a productive midden resting on a layer of sterile sand that had
been excavated from the house pit during its construction. Beneath it was the charcoal-stained (from forest
fires) original ground surface, with the usual natural stratigraphy below it. The interior of the house had been
excavated, removing the peat and upper grey and red sand levels, so that the floor lay directly on B/C zone
gravelly sand. The upper levels removed from the house pit had been piled up to make the walls, producing
inverted stratigraphy over an intact ground surface. It is here that the most interesting HI artifacts have been
found, then and in 2013, including earthenware, stoneware, and a tanged iron arrow point.

Test Pit4A

North Wall

0cm -1 m

50cm

East Wall

-M-

■lm

:

•*

° oj °ij

C* O O O q O _ U

o o o o o o 77 cr

~ r 7Tw7.y:'. ---

f —it -TMmTrr--

i 1

Hart Chalet

Test Pit Profiles 2013

Turf

m

Brown Hearth Sand

LT

Sterile Grey Sand
with culture and

I

(Cultural Layer)

Peat

(old ground layer)

Sterile White Sand

□

Fig 7. 06: Test Pit 4. View North wall profile

Fig 7.07: Test Pit 4. View East wall profile

i 17

Fig 7.10: Test Pit 4 and 4A. View North

Fig 7.13: Test Pit 4 (left) and 4A (right).

Fig 7.12: Artifacts from Test Pit 4.

1 ) 8

Hart Chalet
House 1

TP4A and 4A extension

Om

-108

1.0m

-106

Sara» TP4
lots of bone
some tile, charcoal
excavated to sterile
sand below peat

Rebecca TP4a
excavated only
to bottom of
midden earth

Burned bone

6

7

4

1

?

?

2

2

3

5

11

20

16

17

15

18

19

12

14 is
21 33

22

-107

1.0m

0 50cm

1. quartz fire starter

2. Normandy stoneware orange/brown
bottom outside and inside

3. nail

4. nail

5. iron ring -135

6. harpoon? -132

7. nail -132

_l 7 8. nail -134

9. nail -134

10. Normandy stoneware

11. naii -120

lm

1 i£223$

i \S>

TP4 extension
artifact map cont.

12. ceramic stoneware fragment
(thick wailed)

13. nail

14. iron loop (key?)

15. iron knife blade

16. nail

17. nail

18. nail

19. nail

20. grey/ brown stoneware

21. grey/ brown stoneware

22. iron arrowpoint -150 in BE

23. burned bone fragments
(small, not saved)

20

Tests Outside and Inside H2, and Outside H3 We excavated small test pits in the middens south of H2 (seal
and caribou bones) and H3 (caribou bone, nail, and tile). Removing the spruce undergrowth from the interior of
H2, we found a small, 60cm deep square hole in the middle of its floor. Florence says this was Clifford’s test pit.
Other than several large spruce trees, this house would be easy to dig because there is no turf, only forest duff.

My probes with a rod indicated no rock slab pavement, and this was confirmed later in a test pit in the H2 entry,
which uncovered a large whale bone mandible that had been used as a roof support. H3 is heavily bushed in and
we did not attempt to clear it; our only test here was outside its entryway.

Will's TP 5- outside end of H2 entry passage. TP 5 North Wall Profile

Hart Chalet
House 1 TP 5
outside west wall

18 Aug 2013

0 50cm lm

Peat

Orange Sand

7 m to NW corner of chalet . 1
8.5 m to NE corner of chalet.

Ocm

50cm

TP7 House North Wall

Hart Chalet

Test Pit Profiles 2013

0 50cm 1m

Turf

Black Earth
(Cultural Layer)

Rock

Brown Hearth Sand

o

Sterile Grey Sand

-Q_!

with culture and

humus lenses

Peat

(old ground layer)

Sterile White Sand

TP7 and extension: House 2 East Wall
■<-1 m ->

Fig 7.14: House 2 entryway test pit. North to left. Whale
bone floor or roof timber in upper left.

1 22

TP7 Marijo H2
North end of
entry passage

0

.5

-54

-77

TP 7

extension

10

\ 20 2 / 1

3

l 9/

\

V,

\

J

12

11

13 14

16

'caribou skull

'' 16 ^
l ' 15 )

1.0m
61

whalebone

63

t

12 m to NE corner of chalet /

12 m to N W corner of chalet

Hart Chalet

1 - nail House 2

2. small nail in turf Test Pit 7

3. nail in turf

4. nail in turf

5. blue glass bead -96

6. nail -95

7. EW sherd -107

8. 2 nails -110

9. glass -89

10. nail -99
11.14 nails-93
15. large nail -80

16.9 more nails from lower
BE floor level (not traced). Several
of these nails were in vertical position,
ie. in plank floor. (Small birdbone not
listed.)

1 25

S - Salmon 5ay and belles Amours

j oint ^urveu

Salmon Bay (EiBk-33)

Local residents of Middle Bay told us about a sod house site that Françoise Niellon and Allison McGain investi¬
gated some years ago. We located the site near the Route 138 bridge over the Salmon River, a few miles west of
Middle Bay, in a clearing in the spruce forest 50 meters from the riverbank and a few hundred yards south of the
east end of the bridge. The site consists of two ca. 8x10 m. rectangular structures with foundation walls of stone
or brick about 30cm wide, standing 30-40cm above ground. Each structure has a lxl m pit excavated one meter
deep in the center of the building and a large hearth platform in front of the rear wall. No entry passage or other
features were present to suggest Inuit construction. On the wall of one of the houses we found a blue glaze trans¬
fer print sherd and fragments of brick. The houses seem to be a 19th C. European fishing, trapping, or trading
settlement.

Belles Amours Point (EiBi-07)

At the request of Anthony Dumas, we re-visited a site that René Levesque had surveyed on the east side of Belles
Amours Peninsula (Levesque 1968). This site consists of a dozen or so structures constructed in old boulder
beaches about 200 meters from shore. Some of the structures are cache pits associated with round or oval boul¬
der pithouses, one of which is nearly rectangular, 4x8 m, and has a internal boulder divider reminiscent of 17th
C. Labrador Inuit spring/fall dwellings known on the central Labrador coast. These structures show enough
variation to represent several cultures dating perhaps as early as 2-3000 years ago. Many of the structures were
damaged when they were mined for boulders when electric and telephone poles were erected through the middle
of the site area. Levesque produced a sketch map of the site and reported finding stone tools in some structures.
Highly visible and easily accessible by road traffic, many of these structures are intact and should be given high
priority for future research, protection, and potential restoration.

1 2T

5> - (Conclusions and /Acknowledge me nts

The 2013 field program provided an important conclusion to our explorations of Basque activities at the Hare
Harbor-1 site and contributed to a better definition of the Inuit occupation of the Quebec Lower North Shore by
further testing the Hart Chalet Inuit winter village site in Brador. At Hare Harbor our excavations in Areas 9 and
10 refined our understanding of Basque activities on the land site. In Area 9 we excavated a hearth surrounded
by a border of roof tiles that produced only Basque/European materials—principally nails and earthenware
ceramics and nothing that related to the finds from the S4 Inuit house and A8 midden—i.e. no soapstone vessels,
glass beads, clay pipes, reworked lead, chipped glass, or other Inuit-modified European objects. Area 9 seems to
have been a pure Basque component that may have been part of the early Basque/European components at the
site, comparable perhaps to the sub-tile midden hearths north of the SI cookhouse. We shall await the verdict
on the age of the A9 material from ceramic analysis, but the presence of yellow glazed platterware suggests an
early, perhaps 16 th century, date, and a time when no Inuit were present. The A9 units east and south of the
hearth seem to have been used primarily for a large hearth, with some food consumption indicated by calcined
bones, and a place to dump tiles and broken ceramics to help dry up the uncomfortably wet surrounding terrain.
Other than the hearth, no notable features were found, and the large boulder accumulations at the southernmost
edge of the excavated area seem to have arrived during the process of clearing the site rather than as a charcoal
production site.

Area 10, around and between the large boulders immediately downslope and west of the SI cook-house, seems
to have been used as the SI dump, and, earlier, for a small baleen hearth of which several were found in Area 2
beneath the tile midden. The A10 baleen hearth was at the bottom of the midden deposit and was overlain by
materials similar to the SI cook-house, i.e. grey stoneware, glass beads, and soapstone. The many fragments of
soapstone vessels found in and around SI, with its European material culture and rough, non-Inuit, pavement
suggests the cookhouse was built by Europeans but staffed by Inuit women.

Underwater research produced similar results from other pits excavated at the top of the central ballast piles
in 2012. Among the notable finds were more fragments of chaffing bowls, a glazed, decorated porringer, pieces
of EW cookware, remains of shoes, rope, fish and animal bones, wooden pins, lead shot, and a small amount
of glass. To save on conservation cost, some recovered materials that were similar to what we have collected
previously were photographed and documented and then returned to the pits from which they came. The
stratigraphy encountered in these pits was the same as found in previous years. However, in our 2013 units, the
stratigraphy was complicated by the presence of buried ballast stones that had to be excavated and removed,
making it difficult to see the layer interfaces. On the other hand, we learned that the midden accumulated
of a piece’ with the ballast stone deposits, suggesting many discrete episodes of ballast dumping and midden
deposition. This is what one would expect from repeated voyages during which vessels returned to the
anchorage, dumped ballast, and then began dumping midden material.

Investigations along the shore north of the anchorage produced no evidence of try-works, or of burned rocks or
tiles. Test pits in the bank showed roof tiles wedged between large boulders, mixed with marine clay, supporting
the view that a large rock-fall event occurred sometime during or at the end of the last Basque/Inuit occupation.

Our data from Hare Harbor-1 continue to suggest a brief occupation by late 16 th century Basque whale-hunters
who built small hearth, often with baleen paving, followed, decades later—toward the end of the 17 th C.—by
Basques or other fishermen who used grey stoneware as well as marmite cooking vessels, clay pipes, and who
erected a cookhouse and blacksmith shop. During this latter occupation the Europeans seems to have been
joined by Inuit who established winter quarters and had access to the same European materials found in the
cook-house, the blacksmith shop, and the underwater site. These Inuit built a winter house of sod, stone,
whalebone, and charcoal and their activities contributed to a large terrace-front midden in Area 8. The precise

nature of the relationship between the Europeans and the Inuit is difficult to decipher, but the large amount of
European artifacts and materials found in the Inuit house and midden suggests direct access to finished products
rather than scavenging the remains of earlier Basque occupations.

Our work at the Hart site refined our knowledge of this large three-house village. A photo of the site taken by
René Levesque in 1968 shows most of the area in tundra or grass vegetation, ringed by a small clump of spruce.
Today the Inuit houses are covered with spruce trees while their entry tunnels extend into the treeless grassy
clearing. We excavated a 1x8 m trench up the entry passage and through the middle of House 1, to its rear wall.
No pavement stones were found, and the only feature noted was a small hearth ring in the center of the floor and
a raised sleeping platform at the rear (north) end of the house. Raised areas with buried rocks suggest hearth
mounds in the unexcavated SW and SE corners of the dwelling. Before construction, the house pit had been
excavated into the sterile gravel, which we found immediately beneath the blackened house floor soil. Bone
preservation was poor inside the house and only a few pieces of tile, nails, and ceramics were found. However
in midden deposits outside the west and north walls interesting artifacts and excellent food bones were found.
Stoneware suggests that these dwellings probably date to the 17* rather than to the 16 th century, our original
guess based largely on a single ground stone bead. The absence of paved stone floors and entry passages also
suggests a post-1600s date, because the interior of these dwellings were floored with wood planking rather than
stone. This non-traditional Inuit architecture suggests availability of European technology like sawn planks,
as well as nails, iron axes, and saws. Tests in Houses 2 and 3 indicate similar architectural patterns as House 1,
with wood floors and bone middens. Further work needs to be done here and at the two Belles Amours Inuit
winter houses to clarify their ages and relationship with Europeans. Our excavations at Hare Harbor, Little
Canso Island, Belles Amour, and the Brador River Hart Chalet make it clear that for at least several decades, if
not longer, in the 17 th century, Inuit had a substantial year-round presence on the Quebec Lower North Shore
from Blanc Sablon to Petit Mécatina. The presence of Inuit soapstone vessels and beads in the cook-house, whose
construction is of European and not Inuit design, suggests Inuit women operated this facility for the Basques.

During our work at Brador we had a chance to visit Belles Amours and Middle Bay. The large number of boulder
pithouses at Belles Amours make it an excellent target for future archaeological work and tourism development.
These structures probably date to the last 3,000 years (no Maritime Archaic longhouses are present, most likely
because these beaches are too low for MA sea levels). The houses and caches are mostly intact and could easily
be excavated and mapped. Some appear to be of Indian origin while at least one large rectangular structure
may be Inuit. Clarissa Smith of Brador recommended we check out the landscape called locally ‘Five Leagues’
just east of Middle Bay. The topography here may have made this area an excellent location for Inuit, Basque,
and prehistoric sites. The region is on a hiking trail that offers scenic views and opportunities for developing a
historical panorama of potential value for the tourism.

Acknowledgments

This year’s underwater work was directed by Erik Phaneuf and included University of Montreal students Marijo
Gauthier-Bérubé, Sarai Barreiro Argiielles, and David Légaré. Land work was conducted by William Fitzhugh,
Rebecca Mayus of Notre Dame University, and Wilfred Richard, who served as expedition photographer. Perry
Colbourne captained the Pitsiulak and supported the dive team operations. As in previous years we received
gracious hospitality from the Evans-Vatchers and others in Harrington Harbor, from Florence and Clifford Hart,
who gratiously allowed us to excavate at their chalet cottage and provided much-appreciated hospitality, and
from Louise Colbourne and the Colbourne neighborhood at Lushes Bight, Newfoundland. Financial and other
support came from the Smithsonian Institution, its Arctic Studies Center, and Brad Loewen’s dive program at the
University of Montreal.

Fig. 9.00: Rebecca, Bill, Vicky Driscoll and Florence Hart at the Blanc
Sablon Tourist Center.

Î27

Belvin, Cleophas

2006 The Forgotten Labrador: Kegashka

preferences (Tfited

to Blanc Sablon: a Short History of the Lower North Shore. Montreal: Queens University Press.

Brouague, Marcel de

1923 Divers Mémoires de M. de Brouague au Conseil de Marine, Rapport de l’Archiviste de la Provcince de Québec pour 1922-23, pp. 356-
406. Ls. A. Proulx, Québec.

Davis, Stephen

2007 Textiles, Vannerie et Fibres. In Grenier, Robert, Marc-André Bernier, Willis Stevens. L’archéologie subaquatique de Red Bay, la
construction navale et la pêche de la baleine basques au XVIe siècle. Parks-Canada.

Drouin, Pierre

1988 Des Baleiniers Basques â File Nue de Mingan. Canadian Journal of Archaeology 12:1-15.

Dumais, Pierre, and Jean Poirier

1994 Témoignage d’un Site Archéologique Inuit, Baie des Belles Amours, Basse-Côte-Nord. Recherches Amérindiennes au Québec 24(1-
2):18-30.

Fitzhugh, William W.

2001 The Gateways Project 2001: Archaeological Survey of the Quebec Lower North Shore, Gulf of St. Lawrence, from Mingan to Blanc
Sablon. 90 pp. Arctic Studies Center, Smithsonian Institution. Report on file at the Ministry of Culture and Communication, Quebec.

Fitzhugh, William W.

2006 Cultures, Borders, and Basques: Archaeological Surveys on Quebec’s Lower North Shore. In: From the Arctic to Avalon: Papers in
Honour of James A. Tuck. Edited by Lisa Rankin and Peter Ramsden, pp. 53-70. British Archaeological
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2009 Exploring Cultural Boundaries: the ‘Invisible’ Inuit of Southern Labrador and Quebec. In On the Track of the Thule Culture from
Bering Strait to East Greenland , edited by Bjarne Gronnow, pp. 129-148. Studies in Archaeology and Flistory, 15. National Museum of
Denmark, Copenhagen.

Fitzhugh, William W, and others (eds.)

2001-2012 St. Lawrence Gateways Project Field Reports. Published annually by Arctic Studies Center, National Museum of Natural History,
Smithsonian Institution. Copies on file at Government of Quebec, Ministry of Culture and Communication and published online: http://www.
mnh.si.edu/arctic/html/pub_field.html.

Fitzhugh, William W, and Erik Phaneuf

2006-2013 St. Lawrence Gateways Project Annual Reports published in The Provincial Archaeology Office Newsletter. Provincial
Archaeology Office, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador. Department of Tourism, Culture, and Recreation. St. John’s, Newfoundland.
http://www.tcr.gov.nl.ca/tcr/pao/Newsletters/Newsletters.htm

Fitzhugh, William W, Anja Herzog, Sophia Perdikaris, and Brenna McLeod

2006 Ship to Shore: Inuit, Basques, and Maritime Landscapes in the Northern Gulf of St. Lawrence. In Maritime Archaeological
Landscapes: Terrestrial and Underwater Sites, edited by Ben Ford, pp 99-128. Society for Historical Archaeology. Springer Publications.

Fitzhugh, William W, Anja Herzog, Sophia Perdikaris, and Brenna McLeod

2008 Baleines, Morues, et les Basques: l’Archéologie d’un Site Basque du XVIIe siècle dans le Golfe du St. Laurent, Québec. Paper presented
at Les actes du 133e Congrès du Comité des Travaux Historiques et Scientifiques, held in Québec 2 to 6 June, 2008.

Ford, Benjamin

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Grenier, Robert, Marc-Andre Bernier, and Willis Stevens (eds.)

2007 The Underwater Archaeology of Red Bay: Basque Shipbuilding and Whaling in the 16th Century. 4 vols. Parks Canada.

1 18

Herzog, Anja

2008 L’Ile du Petit Mécatina sur la Basse-Côte-Nord du Québec: Résultats Préliminaires des Analyses Céramiques d’un Site Voué aux
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travaux historiques et scientifiques , Québec 2 to 6 June, 2008.

2009 Petit Mécatina Island: Basque and French Whalers and Cod-Fishers in the Gulf of St. Lawrence from the 16th to the 18th Centuries.
Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Council for Northeast Historical Archaeology, held at Québec, 15-18 October, 2009.

2010 The Study of Petit Mécatina 3 and the History of Whaling and Cod-Fishing in the Gulf of St. Lawrence During the 16th to the early
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Hume, Ivor Noel

2001 A Guide to the Artifacts of Colonial America. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

Levesque, René

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d’Amérique. Draft manuscript available from the author and on file at Arctic Studies Center.

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2011 Les occupations basques dans le golfe du Saint-Laurent, 1530-1760. Périodisation, répartition géographique et culture
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Atlantic. Arctic 61 ( 1 ):61 -75.

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St. Germaine, Claire

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W. Fitzhugh. Arctic Studies Center. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution.

1 2-9

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BR ADORE 68

Rapport préliminaire

Nous désirons présenter ou public un rapport succinct concernant les
touilles crcbiologiques faites à Brodor de juin à août 1968. Il s'agi) d'un rapport
préliminaire, esquissant une vue d'ensemble des découvertes. Il faudra plusieurs
mois en effet avant que le catalogage soit terminé et que les analyses s ébauchent.

Quelles furent les raisons qui conduisirent aux fouilles archéologiques de
Brodor? Monsieur Jacques Rousseau, professeur c l'Université Laval, est le premier
instigateur. Ce dernier nous avait maintes fois incités à diriger nos efforts dans
lo région du Golfe du Soinr-Lourent, lieu d'arrivée selon lui, et selon plusieurs ex¬
perts, de groupements humains venus par l'Atlantique Nord. Nous y étions également
poussés por un géographe, monsieur Régis de Koquefeuil, froppé par la richesse histo¬
rique et archéologique des lieux. A ces deux personnes, ii faut également joindre
l'apport ce monsieur Miche! Goumond, du service d'archéologie du Ministère des
Affaires culturelles, rant eu point de vue de lo recherche d'archives que pour le
financement portlcl de l'expédition. Enfin, nous étions invités sur la Côte Nord
par monseigneur René Bélanger, oprès nos fouilles è Sept-Hes et à Mîngan. Désireux
de compléter nos découvertes omérindiennes et européennes par des corrélations ,
nous avons décidé de n ojs rendre à Brodor. La Corporation du Vieux Poste de Sept-
Hes, donî un des buts est de développer I* aspect historique et touristique de la

•e Nord, prêta son concours a la créciion de le Société d'Archéologie de la Côte
d, organisme ayant lo totale responsabilité des fouilles. Nous nous sommes ainsi
^iooIîs à Brodor du 30 moi au 10 août avec une équipe comprenant cinq professeurs
et cinq étudiants. Ont participé au financement et à l'équipement de l'expédition
les ministères oes Affo res culturelles et des Richesses naturel les,la Compagnie Fer
t-t Titane de 5orel. Comme 11 serait trop long dans ce rapport de citer les noms de
tous ceux qui onr contribué au succès de ! 1 expédition, nous nous contenterons pour
insfont de mentionner M. et Mme Camille Moreaux, monsieur le curé Deslauriers
et ses collaborateurs, le révérend Père Arthur Poisson, l'équipe entière des médecins
gnrde-malodes de Blanc Safclon, M. et Mme Stewart Horvey, M. et Mme Leonard
t obbs, ainsi que les fomilles A. Letto , Jones, Georges Hobbs, propriétaires des
terrains de fouille. Nos plus sincères remerciements s'adressent aux sympathiques
populations ce Blanc Soblon, de Lourdes et de Brodor.

__ La région concernée est située à l'entrée du détroit de Beile^tsle, à en-
won 30 milles de Québec à vol d'oiseau; elle englobe les villages de Blanc Soblon,
.our es de Bl one Soblon et Brodor. On peur s'y rendre soit par avion, soit par boteou
o porm e Sept-lles, ou par lo route qui traverse les Provinces Maritimes, avec em¬
barquements a Sydney et a Sainte-Barbe.

Lo mission avait un double objectif: localiser et déterminer avec certitude
e. ou et posies d Augustin Le Gardeur de Courtcmanche et de Brouage; faire un re~
t v. CS stations omérindiennes et européennes depuis la frontière du Québec-Lobrcdor
lusqu Ou tand de lo baie dite de Brader, quitte à pousser plus loin nas explorations les
|oors de congé. Ce double objectif, comme on le verro, a été atteint.

■ i - ' if' • • ' ? • *• i • ?! '■'?-$ M'&Ÿ&c

i 5^

Nous 1 , 0 iferons en ptcmier lieu des établissements européens, incluont
les postes de Couttemonchc et de Brouage, les vestiges des postes présumés basques
quiVy trouvent, el les doux stations no., encore parfaitement identifiées, dont
l'une est située le long de le riviète Blanc Snblon et l’outre ou fond de lo baie
de Brader.

Comme il s’ogit d'un rapport préliminaire et qu'il serait inutile pou:
l'instant d'entrer dons tous les déteils d’ordre historique, nos sources principales
viennent des cartes et documents colligés par messieurs Roquefeuii et Gaumont! pour
la situation des bâtiments de Courtemanche, monsieur de Roquefeuii a^ont déjà
localisé les principaux lors de ses stages d’étude à Blanc Soblon. A i entrée est
du village , le long de la route qui relie Brador à Lourdes, on a pu relever en surface
des vest ges européens, parmi lesquels une marmite à trois pieds, une meule, quel ~
q.,os fragments de pipes hollandaises des 17 et ISième siècles, ainsi que des pierres-
à-fusil françaises et hollandaises, ceci sut une distance d’environ 1000 pieds. De
plus. Vérifiant ce qui avait été entrevu par l’étude des photos aériennes, il nous
n été focile de repérer sur le site une trentaine de bâtiments dans un secteur couvrant
un rayon de 7000 pieds environ, avec ou centre les bâtiments de Courtemonche et ce
Brouage.

Partant d'une borne d'arpentage de la Province de Québec, nous avons
c-iobli un piquet de base tout près de ce qui nous apparaissait comme le lieu le plus
propice pour nos feuilles des bâtiments principaux, tant pet la situation et le forme
du terra a qui- par les découvertes de Roquefeuii. Cette borne initiale permettait
d''nglober l‘ ensemble des maisons dont on soupçonnait déjà l'existence. Nous
ovons commencé In fouille proprement dire devant une élévation de terrain qui sem¬
bla! ‘ recèle, la plus importante des structures. H o fallu débarrasser le terrain d' un
d« potoi- de deux pieds d’épaisseur en moyenne. Comme le but de lo fouille n’était
fx,', l'excava!.on systématique de toute lo maison, mais l’Identification , nous nous
sommes contentés de pratiquer une tranchée à carrés espacés en direction du monticule
on cjoei t ion.

Voici une stratification modèle d’un des carrés de cinq pieds ccrrés qui re¬
flète dans San ensemble le faciès d’une dizaine d’autre pratiqués devant la maison.

sable et terre organique brune ovec objets récents,
terte noire riche en vestiges archéologiques surmontant une
double ligne de sables noirs et jaunes s’ intercalant.
couche d’orgile avec pierres éparses.

importante carbonisât ton ovec ligne de bois pourri et objets
différents des lignes supérieures.

terre brune orgifeuse riche en objets. Briques françaises,
sable stérile.

outre couche d’ habitation avec objets,
sable gris avec objets,
couche notre durcie et bois brûlé,
sable stérile, cailloutis.

Il semble y «voir eu plusieurs occupations à cét endroit. Dans les couches
supérieures dominent les objets des 18 el 19ièm© siècles, ovec céramique et pierres-à-
fusil d'origine française ou anglaise. Ces éléments du 19tème siècle, en particulier,
proviennent-ils de- ceux qui ont occupé la maison de Brouage après l'arrivée des Anglais .
Est-ce au’ils constituent tout simplement un dépotoir en surface? Lo question ne pourra
être résolue qu’à la prochaine saison de fouille.

0”

b

5"

5“

b

9"

9"

b

\2"

11"

13"

a

15“

15"

à

26"

26"

à

33"

34'•

à

38"

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- 3 -

Dès quo If’ ironchcV o eu; atteint le mui sud de lo moi son, nrws avons
one autre Iranchér B orientée cette fois est-ouest, of I n <1* avoir
une meilleure idée non seulement au barament princvpot^ mois des outres structures
visibles à • ‘ ocM •

Voici ce qu'o révélé cette tranchée partant de l'est en direction ouest.

A -> >-11 o i I en premier lieu un tsâtiment aux pierres éboulées don» nous n' avons touché
ou' lu section nord. Un profond sor.doge a ramené en surfoce un coffre don» le côté
frontal était décoré’ de clous de cuivre «ux formes diverses l'ornant de motifs à pofs-
dc -fleurs, couronnes royales et f leut s-dc*-l ys. On ne soit pas encore si ce coffre fait
ftiC c j c cetf 0 deuxième construe tiers, mois dés clous de même facture ont été retrou¬
vés dans la maison dite de Courtemonche, ce qui nous porte o relier ce coffre au poste
principal. Lo serrure manque, on voit qu’elle o été arrachée. A !' intérieur se trou¬
vaient urs harpon de métal, un outil pour percer les barils, un couteau à morue et quel¬
ques objets de métal de nature imprécise.

Poursuivant la tranchée, notre attention a été retenue par un secteur nou¬
veau caractérisé par un assez grand nombre de pierres-à-fusil exclusivement hollandai¬
ses de type A et B. Cette présence insolite de pierres hollandaises suppose, oens les
environs immédiats, une outre habitation que la couche végétale d'ailleurs permet de
repérer. Seroît-cè le petit poste construit d 1 urgence par Brouage ou lendemain de
J'incendie du poste principal ? Serai t-ce un des bâtiments mentionnés dons son inven¬
taire? De plus, continuant la tranchée, à quelques pieds seulement des pierres hollon-
doises, tout près d'un flanc de tonneau de bois tapissant le fond de la tranchée, nous
avons découvert ce qui semble les traces d'une occupation des lieux antérieure à celle
de Courtemonche. La tranchée c en effet saisi le rebord d’une dépression faite de
moins d' hommes. Or, dons le cercle délimitant le trou creusé, on o pu localiser des
fragments de tuiles que nous ottrïbuons pour !' instant aux Basques qui fréquentaient
cette baie. Courtemanche n'avait-il pas décrit la présence ae tuiles espagnoles sur l'em¬
placement de son poste? Autre foi! intéressant à signaler, au-dessus du sable stérile
qui c per io suite rempli l'excavation, il y o une strate d'habitation exclusivement fran¬
çaise, de même type que celle remarquée dans les niveaux inférieurs des trous pratiqués
devant lo maison de Courtemanche. 11 y aurait donc eu une occupation antérieure à

Courtemanche.

Enfin, au bout de la tranchée, tout près des maisons actuellement habitées,

>1 y a des vestiges d'une ou deux grondes habitations. Les objets des 18 et 19ième siècles
abondent, mois l'évidence de remplissaqe et basculage des strates les rend inutiles b
la datation. On remarque aisément ciu côte sud, un mur qui fait saillie en surface.

Fait de gros blocs rectangulaires alignés, il se poursuit sur une distance d’une cinquan¬
taine de pieds. Nous projetons de multiplier les tranchées au cours de lo prochaine ex-
pédî tien.

Au sujet de lo maison principale, nous avons localisé dans le cours de lo
tranchée B une division de Jo maison orientée syd-nord, ainsi que le mur ouest extérieur.
Comme le but de I' expédition était d* identifier la structure, nous avons décidé de
longer les murs, afin d'évaluer les dimensions et de les comparer à celles du plan de 1708.
Ces dimensions, compte tenu des différences de longueur entre pieds fronçais et anglais,
c ,9h9 ort ^ er *t parfaitement au pion originel. H vo sans dire qu* il s'agit î& d'un élément
des plus importants pour l'identification de la structure. Elle mesure en effet 60 pieds
de long sur 40 pieds^de largeur, mesures françaises. L'étude minutieuse des ruines a
permis de conclure b lo présence de deux maisons construites l'une sur l'autre, ta pre¬
mière, pius grande en longueur et en largeur, a été incendiée. Lo seconde, plus recente,
don» les murs sud et nord reposent partiellement sur les murs plus anciens, alors iqiutô L '
murs est c-t ouest reposent parallèlement à I* intérieur des anciens murs, n'a pos rie son

157

- 4

intérieur des murs de cette deuxième hobi-

côté été incendiée.

Quelques sondages pratiqués a . .

i- de trouve» des planchers et un crépis de couleur grise encore intacts,
lotion ont P e,m ,'. " . e , (r ,j 5 è notre disposition semblent indiquer que la maison de

i<-s documents abandonnée en 1760, soit réoccupée pai la fomiile Jones à une

flrouage " ’ ^ ' mo ; s | e s fouilles ne sont pas assez avancées pour le prouver. Une

‘ e< tome P®!’® jlj e dé : po*oir de près de deux pieds d' épaisseur recouvre ce plancher.
U°' J sondoar plus poussé dons la cave à une profondes de quelque 10 pieds a révélé

‘ Ts'est effectué un remplissage er que les stroies initiales ont été entièrement bou-
5° * ^ s f n effet les objets des 18 et 19ième siècles gisent pêle-mêle. Au fond de
îo’^ove on o relevé des couteaux de stylé *’ Antoine " , ainsi que de ia céramique des
17 ' t ]gième siècles. De fait, les objets trouvés dons la maison et hors des murs sont
en grande majorité des 17 et IBième siècles.. On a recueilli entre autres quelques
pièces de monnaie aux effigies de Louis XjV et Louts XV.

Comme la maison de Courtemanche o été incendiée et que celle de Brouoge
a été épargnée, nous présumons pour 1* instant que ces structures sont celles du comman¬
deur de lo~Côte Nord et de son : beau-fils. Nous appuyons notre thèse non seulement
sur les dimensions de la plus ancienne des bâtisses, mois aussi sur la proximité des caba¬
nons de pêche dont il avait la défense et sur les vestiges de culture rr.ontagnaise laissés
par les 30 familles qu‘îl avait prises è son service et établies tout près de son poste prin¬
cipal .

Il faut ajouter parmi les autres points importants une terrasse de pierres assez
finement assujetties, face à l'entrée centrale de la maison, du côté du fleuve. Donc,
le but d‘identification sommaire ayant été aftein t, il s'agira de terminer le creusage de
tout le bâtiment et du terrain qui l'environne.

Quant aux quelques carrés excavés face â la maison, la ligne de bois pourri
aperçue dons chacun d eux surmonte une habitation qui, à première vue, nous semble
plus ancienne que celle de Courtemanche. Nous y avons trouvé des pièces de monnaie
portant les dotes de 1630 et 1638. L'une sembie être un doublon. S'agiî-îl d* un ancien
poste de t roi te des Bretons et Moloins qui, aux dires de Cartier, fréquentaient depuis
longtemps ces lieux? S' agirait-il d'autTe part des établissements espagnols mentionnés
par Courtemanche et qui ont donné à la baie de Brador le nom de baie des Espagnols ?
Seules les prochaines fouilles apporteront des réponses, du moins I ' espérons-nous. Cette
occupation française ou espagnole semble se rattacher b une occupation indienne de con-
laC f / P eiJ, -® tr Ç montagnaise, surtout à cause des pipes de type Micmac qui y furent re-
cuei .ies, semblables à celles qui Furent trouvées à Sept-lles et Mînaan dans les postes de
Bissot et de Joîiiet. r a

Tout près de !o maison, à l’est, faisant un anale de quelque 30', nous avons
remorque une série de tumulus témoignent d'anciennes structures. Une sommaire Inspection
vjréI ' ( é* ^ ^ ^ on5 l es environs immédiats de ia maison principale. Ces cabanons,

une
îai

?^tj neS ^ P 0 '^ 501 ^ 5 -' Lors de le construction de la route reliant Brodor à Lourdes de Bïorsc
° 0 , n ; r " v éleuse a permis d'en prendre une meilleure connaissance avec les objets

roc s a Iq partie supérieure d’une de ces constructions. Nous y avons recueilli une
r*fb’ H ? ° * ro '*;.Pj eo ^r une meule, de nombreux clous et des bois de charpente, des formes
-, nue., c ç >o loupes et d avirons, des pièces de gouverna II totalement inconnus des
t .. ".| Ur ^ ^ n dror), ainsi que des flotteurs de liège; toujours empilés les uns sur les au¬

ra c que e su o ignorés. Aucun autre cabanon de pêche n’a été fouillé; nous evens

'< 3 $

( m< . vu ré chacun. Ils sont en majeure partie? situés sur des terres vierges
10,1 °"? 101 1 C<'ux qui sont élevés sur des terrains privés ont été préservés par les

de !o Couronne. s OVO ns même décidé l'un d'entre eux à fixer ailleurs les fon-

knbilontr OC Woom , ■
dotions d* une nouvelle ma.son.

Le soste de Courtemanchc, de por sa fonction, visait à protéger non seuie-
t I 's ustensiles de pêche laissés pour l’hiver à Brader, mais^ également les postes de
nenr es n.^ tués fout le long a'u golfe. La preuve de l'attention portée por le

uo.-'e OU < f> ^ Cntf Nord à ces établissements fronçais, apparaît dans un chemin
visible sur les photos aériennes et retrouvé sur le terrain. Nous I avons su.v. en Jeep
uu ’o Lourdes de Blonc Sablon. Dé temps à autre il disparaft sous des arbustes situés
dans les bouteurs, mais on le retrouve toujours. Il o été radicalement coupé par l'éro-
ion dans les environs immédiats du Cron des Morts entre Lourdes et Bl ont -Sablon. Le
cimetière actuel l'a sectionné en deux. lExami nons-le de plus près. C’était un chemin
foil pour les chevaux et les voitures à roues cloutées. Une liane Fait saillie au centre
qui montre la trace laissée par les sabots. Assez bien construit et entretenu, on le voit
franchir perpendiculairement des plages soulevées dont les galets ont été enlevés et dé¬
posés le long du parcours, en forme de couloir étroit. On remarque I 1 intensité de ces
Travaux le long du Fleuve, en direction de l'Anse Ste-Claire située en territoire dit ter-
reneuvien. Des murs de soutènement le protègent. Chose remarquable, an a retrouvé
du quartz taillé dons le chemin longeant le fleuve. Ou bien ce quartz taillé a été ap¬
porté là por les roues de chariots à partir d'un surplomb où abondent les éclats, et que
le chemin franchit, ou bien il indique pour cette voie une très grande antiquité. Les
anciens ne se souviennent pas d'avoir vu servir cette route. Nous l'avons suivie sur une
assez grande disfonce vers i'est, au fond des baies qui se succèdent jusqu'à l'Anse Sre-
Cioire- Incidemment, nous avons retrouvé une roue cloutée face ou poste. Rappelons
que des roues cloutées sont énumérées dans l'inventaire dressé en 1 74 I. Pendant la pro¬
chaine saison de fouilles nous dessinerons sur carte, à partir des photos aériennes et de
l'examen du terrain, le tracé complet de io route.

En plus de ces vestiges français, nous avons retrouvé, de l'autre côté du ruis¬
seau riche en truites et en saumons ( Mémoire de Courtemanche ), de nombreux vestiges
d'origine européenne, des bases de maisons, des tuiles, et des quontités incroyables d‘ os¬
sements oe loup-marins. Rappelons que Courtemanche avait lui aussi remarqué ces osse-
nu-r.is puîsqu il en fait mention dans son mémoire. Signalons, pour terminer, derrière
I ensemble oes cobanons, un espace de terrain qui fut mis en culture. Il pourrait s'agir
a<>s jordms de Courtemanche de Brouoge-

, Toujours dans ce chapitre des sites européens ou mixtes, signalons la présence

un autre poste repéré cette fois—ci le long de la rive ouest de la rivière Blanc —Sablon.
uelques sondages ne nous ont pas permis jusqu’ici de !* identifier avec certitude, ce que
nou?. parviendrons peut-être à réaliser lorsque l’examen global des objets sera terminé.

" P r. Ui ° Une 9 rar> de abondance de clous, signalons la présence d’un plomb à filet et de
reux tessons de céramique qu’on peut dater du 17ième siècle. Maïs comme le vieux
. irrnin passe le long au "Cran des Morts” <st semble s’y diriger por un embranchement tout
° u cimetière actuel de Blanc Sablon, nous le mettons en relation avec le poste de Col.
Q ° n< <?'i ,C e serait un poste de traite avancé. L’endroit est ideal à eerte fin, cor on y
rindihh ° rn* S<Jr a r ’ ve °PP° s ^e de la rivière, les vestiges d’une intense occupation orné
ne. n trouve également sur îe site du poste des outils et éclats de silex ef quartz.

l 55>

- 6 -

Nous terminerons cette description des postes européens pur celui que nous, con-
sidéi ons le plus important après celui de Courtemonche. Cette station de contact a été re-

au fond de !o baie de Broder, à l'ouest, à une distance d'environ deux mûtes des quel-

' je aouvernement déménage ou vil loge proprement dit de Brader, elle Se

ques maisons ' u , . . -i ,, c

d <.< mule derrière un rocher qui s avance dans la mer, ce qui m empeche nullement, par
t m rs < Joir d'avnis une patfaiiv vision du poste de Courtemonche situé à Brader. Nous

sommet dirigés deux fois, dans des conditions atmosphériques peu propices. La végé-
;:;;, cn délimite po|?oitçroen.i le terrain occupé. Afin d'évoluer I* importance de la station,
non avons percé une étroite tranchée en direction d'un monticule, et creusé un ccrré de 10
pieds de côté là où des fragments de hriques avaient été localisés. La tranchée a fair s„rgi;
u.o n'afloge dons la partie sud du quadrilatère habité. Dans la partie nord, nous avons repéré
hois fouis. La tranchée devoit traverser l’ un de ces fours, faisant surgir une très grande o-
hondonce d'os o'e baleines, de ioup-marins et de caribous. Ce four avait conservé intact
son : anol rie drainage des huiles. Nous l'avons fait transporter. Il est construit en tuiles
jaunâtres. Quant aux outils recueillis dans et autour du four, en plus de ceux en silex, rren-
i ionriom un harpon de métal, quelques couteaux à lame de métal et à manche d'os, ainsi que
des traverses de traineaux en os également. Signalons la présence de quelques fragments de
vase en stéatife. Quant à l'excavation de 10 pieds carrés, elle a permis de mettre à jour un
magnifique four de briques rouges disposées en forme de fer-à-cheval. De quoi s'agi'-il 7
Il faut pour l'instant s'en tenir aux hypothèses. Il pourrait s'agir d'une part, du premier pos¬
te de Courtemanchc construit ou fond de la baie de Brader, d'outre part, d'un poste de trai-
it des Basques. Mais à quelle civilisation appartenaient les Amérindiens dont on retrouve les
vestiges ? Sont-Ils Dorsets, Béothuks, Montagnais 7 Nous ne prouvons pas encore répondre I

STATIONS AMERINDIENNES

Le deuxième but de l'expédition était de repérer les stations amérindiennes situées
entre Io frontière du Labrador et le fond de la baie de Brador. La première étape fut de rr.on-
tei use mosaïque de photos aériennes, dresser une carte englobant la majeure partie du terri¬
toire exploré, sut laquelle mosaïque nous avons délimité des secteurs selon des divisions qui
nous apparaissaient logiques, basées sur les accidents du terrain. Ce travail de reprérage des
sites amérindiens s'accompagnai t d'une étude géographique et géologique des lieux en prévi¬
sion d'une future, mois problématique maftrise en géographie, ce qui nécessitait chaque joui
une moirhe de 3 milles en moyenne. Tous les phénomènes géographiques el géologiques visi¬
bles rencontrés lors de ces sorties ont été notés et photographiés. Aucune excavation propre¬
ment dite n’a été pratiquée sur les stations reconnues, exception faite d'une coupe permef- ^
tant de mieux saisir la stratigraphie de l'endroit et de prélever des échantillons de charbon ce
bois. Les objets reçue il I i s en surface ont été placés dans des sacs contenant la cote du lieu e'
au ti es délai I s suscept ibf es d* aider à ! * idenf if i cation de I o station étudiée . Comme les objets
n* otst pu encore être étudiés à fond, le catalogage n'étant pas encore terminé, nous nous con¬
tenterons de décrire brièvement chacune des stations, petite ou grande, glissant quelques ca¬
ractères aptes à les identifier sommairement. Nous procéderons d'est en ouest.

-i lotio n 200 ; Il s'agit d'une station située en territoire dit terreneuvîen, au fond de la cote
Sto-Cinire. On y voit, de haut en bas, une gradation d'anciennes plages sablonneuses, ua
dernière, située tout près du fleuve, à une hauteur approximative de 20 pieds, est fortement
éiodée et les débiis descendent en abondance vers la mer. Nous avons pu localiser to prove¬
nance de CCS débiis dans un strate intacte située Sur le bord de la terrasse. Les matériaux cte
base dos outils sont surtout le quartzite rose et le silex. Les bifaces abondent, mais le varie-

• . |.rfy- ; gr.ç-' : '' ' '

140

- 7 -

de" pièces est ossez grande pour prévoir plusieurs cultures. Mentionnons surtout deux piè-
c.gs ô un cran.

Sintion 127 Cette station est située le long du fleuve, en direction de l'Anse Ste~Claire.
mois en territoire di» québécois. C est en suivant Se chemin de Courtemonche qu'on l'a
, epérée. Elle comprend peu d objets, mois les éclats abondent. On les retrouve même sur
îr parcours du chemin de Courtemonche, comme nous le mentionnions ci-haut. Sans pouvoir
assurer, pour l'instant, que les Amérindiens a ient encore taillé des flèches a cette époque,
nous pouvons présumer que ces éclats ont été projetés là ô partir d* un surplomb sur le passa¬
ge du chemin où l'on trouve un atelier de taille. Autre intéressante découverte : une sour¬
ce de galets de quartzite rose. Dans une baie que longe la route de Courtemonche, une gron¬
de accumulation de galets de cette nature ont été transportés par io mer. Cette baie possè¬
de aussi des plages étagées. Nous n'avons pas eu le temps de vérifier si la même accumula¬
tion de galets roses s'y es» faite dans le passé.

Stations 122- 122b- 123 : Face à l'école et à Carrière, les éclats de quartz et de silex sont
abondants. Nous avons pu localiser une strate d'habitation intacte du côté sud de la route
du village. Aucune pièce caractéristique n'y a été repérée.

Station 120 ; Dans ce secteur, le phénomène est analogue ô celui que l’on vient de décrire.

(1 s’agit de dunes et de dépressions dues à l'action éolienne avec quelques affleurements ro¬
cheux. On n'y trouve que des éclats et aucune ligne stratifiée.

S tôt ion il 9o : Nous nous dirigeons maintenant le long de la rive est de la Blanc-Sabio-i . A
mesure que nous montons vers la terrasse soulevée située ou pied de l'Hot à cuestas, nous re¬
morquons encore une fois les affleurements de roches et les sables remaniés, mais les outils
cette fois sont ossez nombreux. Le quartzite domine, quoique d'autres matériaux y soient
aussi présents.

S lot i on I 19b ; Sur la terrasse proprement dite, un ancien chemin de portage bien visible est
encore emprunté aujourd'hui par les villageois de Blanc Sablon. Fait intéressant c signder,
nous avons localisé dans ce sentier une station amérindienne couvrant un rayon de 100 pieds.

Le gisement repose sous une couche de végétation, de lichens principalement, qui vc s'épais¬
sissant à mesure que nous nous approchons du bord de lo terrasse. Une coupe a révélé que les
pièces gisent immédiatement sous le couvert végétal. C'est un phénomène dont nous avons
pu constater la répétiiïon dans la majeure partie des sites découverts sur la Côte Nord. La
strote a" occupation n'a pas grande ampleur, caractérisée surtout par la présence de quartzite
bleuté. Peu de pièces y ont été recueillies.

Station I 1 &o : Vers le nord sur la même terrasse, nous avons trouvé, dans une coulée, en hou»
et au milieu, une abondance de débris et d'outils exclusivement faits de quartzite rose et se
présentant en majeure partie sous forme de bifaces. Ces outils se voient en surfcce, où é-
tosion q fait disparoTtre la couverture végétale, maïs une coupe faite en terrain vierge c rêve
lé qu ils reposaient auparavant sous une épaisse couche de débris organiques provenant d une
one ienne végétation disparue et déposée au bord de la terrasse par l'érosion. Par exemple, en
ce qui concerne le gisement le plus élevé, certaines pièces étaient recouvertes d‘une épaisseur
végétale de 3 à 4 p f e ds.

~ [rUign_ I 16b : Un élément très i ntéressant. II s'agit d'un lambeau de korr. coupé po< la Bianc

Soblon er dont le reste, beaucoup plus imposant, se poursuit vers l'ouest. Cette butte a une
pente plus accentuée sur le versant nord. En surface, là où lo végétation a disparu sous oc
tion des vents, il .semble y avoir eu des cabanes amérindiennes. Les galets y sont nombreux.

14-1

ciw.M nur les débris de silex et de quartzite. On e recueilli une dizaine d ' outi U suscepti¬
bles d eider à I' ident if. c a t ion do la station. On observe également des foyers et des débris
, r c ., is jne. Une strate intacte a été remarquée dans la partie est du monticule.

c t „ t ;„rs 116c : Nous avons été fort intrigués par ie petit gisement repéré ô l'extrémité ouest du
L;am. Dans ôn secteur bien déterminé près du ruisseau qui se jette dans la 31 anc-Sablon, tout
près de la confluence, nous avons recueilli des galets de silex qui semblent d'origine europé¬
enne. Le silex est tout-à-fail différent de ceJui rencontré ordinairement au Québec. Deux
..oufeurs dominent : le noir et le jaune. Les pierres et rognons nous font penser à cette cul¬
ture dite “sur galets’’ dont on commence a trouver, même en Amérique, des signes évidents.

Une étude sommaire des outils recueillis o révélé ce qui nous rappelle une taille faite en Eu-
! ope. Mais des ttaces apparaissent d'un nouveau débitage dans le gisement en question, cor
les éclats y abondent. Le plus curieux est que ce genre de silex n'a été retrouvé dans aucune
des 53 stations repérées par l'équipe. Comme il existe de l'autre côté ce la Bianc-Sablon, en
face, un outre poste européen, nous croyons que ce silex viendrait du ballast loissé sur les ri¬
ves par les bateaux européens, ce matériel ne pouvant échapper aux yeux observateurs aes au¬
tochtones. L'analyse géologique des échantillons rapportés devrait s'avérer des plus 'ntéres-
stmk’s.

Station 1 50a : C’est à cet endroit que la cueillette en surface nous offri: ie plus ae s-jrp ises.

En arrière du kart existent des levées sinueuses faitc-5 alors que le Blanc-ScbJon occupai un
lit plus large. Ces petits monticules en longueur semblent avoir abrité une importante popu¬
lation amérindienne, si l'on en juge par la très grande quantité de pièces ouvrées recueillies.
Quatre de ces levées, grossièrement parallèles au cours de le Blanc-Sabion, ont été sans au-
un doute occupées par les hommes. Les outils sont nombreux et vcrîés, avec des couteaux et
project! les de facture archaïque, oinsi que des pièces présentant ces caractéristiques plus ré¬
centes» Notons cr> particulier la prédominance des piano-convexes. Il y a un vide cb.m pis
<■ uu !<■'. levées efh s-mêmes. Ce vide s'expliquerait par le présence d'un one ter. nivepu de
la mer pçimettant <i’ • ■ céde r à ces levées par canot, il est probable aussi que ces aein:t.res
foiant auparavant couvertes de sable, ce qui Ns rendait tout o foit convenables à l'habuation.
P* 'Meurs objets opt été Fottement patinés et sont incrustés de lichens. Deux autres traits corac-
»• i is tiques : forma assez massive, et quartz bleuté laiteux comme matériel le plus fréquent.

3l ion 150h. -, Cette station, des plus importantes, a été localisée quelques jours ovent la f>r.
du In saison. 111«• repose sur ie meme chemin de portage coupé par fa coulée dom nous venons

une plus cr

jn, une ion encore, cr une tone accumulation ae saoie aepose le ionu ««

î»obt f* Cil I I n ^ tr* r omnnt r\o »- 1 r-i c . r « f roi .c I * «e t io.n /-lit r/on f o t r/s nrv ,\.CP /=» O bfiHCS 6flG l !T1£S V C • 5 ^ tT

de décrite h-s deux sites riches en quart2Îte rose. Nous sommes c une plus grande a.fbuue- '
ogi I, une lois encore, d’une forte accumulation de sable déposé le long de ' ancienne mer,
qui a été remanié par lo suite sous l’action du vent et repoussé en bancs éncimes ve.

- _ . -T- . X t > 1 », ! _r/M- As-\ r». c A. r*

pied de lo cuesto. Tout piès de la rupture de pente on voit encore les anciens coraons ae P ! -"
ut 1 , constitués de cailloutis, se succédant en lignes parallèles. Dons ce cadre, les r onôs «.-*
fioncs des dépressions devaient donner une abondance exceptionnel le de débris de taille. En¬
core une fois le quartzite rose domine ; nous avons recueilli là la plus grande collection Oi
faces de toute lo saison. Ainsi, dons un rayon de trois pieds, nous en avons trouvé près u um.
cinquantaine. Les ateliers sont nombreux. Le type des outils varie très peu d’une aépressan
à I autre, et la culture dans son ensemble est homogène. Plus nous montons vers le plect de ° 1
cien îlot à cuestas, on remarque dons les blocs débités un curieux arrangement impliquant 1 cc
‘ion de l’homme. Certains arrangements laissent croire à des sépultures. Nous possécons ici
un excellent gisement b fouiller, d’autant plus que des strates d’habitation intoctes s y ebsersen
La station couvre près de 2000 pieds en surface et 300 pieds de profondeur.

ÿmsM

14-2

- 9 -

9 lv .iir>n 13 lu : Un peu plus iom, toujours remontant vers 1 ’ intérieur des terres, un de mes
coéquipiers a remarqué, en plein terrain sablonneux, un curieux amoncellement de roches
sous forme de tumulus. Ayant soulevé quelques pierres, il a vu, à l'intérieur, un orrcnce-
ment de dalles qui laisse croire à une sépulture. Nous avons laissé le tout intoct jusqu'à le
prochaine saîson*

Stations 151- 151c : Ces deux gisements se trouvent de chaque côté d'une coulée qui sectioo-
rre le "portage' 1 . Toujours aons des dépôts de sable, de nombreux débris et objets signifient
c eite fois une culture différente de celles rencontrées. Les lames sont longues, minces, bien
taillées. Lo taille est assez parallèle. Sans nous avancer trop, n'ayant examiné les pièces
que quelques minutes, nous pouvons dire qu'elles rapellent les projectiles Eden et Scotrbiuff.
Seuls les experts pourront nous éclairer sur cette question.

c . talion 1 léb : Située de l'autre côté de lo Bl anc-Sablon, du côté sud de la route reliant-
Lourdes à Blanc Sablon, i! s'agit d'une station rappelant celles antérieurement étudiées, 'à
où dominent les affleurements rocheux, et les dépressions et bancs de sable dus a 1'action éo¬
lienne. Les outils sont impressionnants, consistant, p>ar exemple, en pièces archaTques à en¬
coches, massives, en quartz bleuté. Mentionnons également un curieux biface de mosériau
rouge, à un cran.

Station 714c : Face au séchoir de le Coopérative de Pêcherie, bien que personnellement nous
n* y avions rien trouvé, il y aurait eu cueillette en surface de nombreux objets d'origine amé¬
rindienne. Nous ovons cru bon de mentionner ce site, d'autant plus qu'une sépulture a été
relevée foce à lo porte centrale de la coopérative et laissée en place pour les archéologues.

Station 1 1 3o : Nous sommes maintenant du côté nord de la route longeant la Blanc-Sablon.

Le premier gisement rencontré est semblable au précédent dont il n'est en fait que la conti¬
nuation, avec bancs de sable et pièces en surface. Dans le rapport final, nous mentionnerons
les découvertes faîtes à cet endroit par l'archéologue Harp. Le gisement se poursuit sur* le
flanc même de l'aurre partie du kam dont nous avons étudié plus haut le restant.

S lotion 1 1 3c : Progressant le long du cours d* eau en direction nord, nous avons localisé sur lo
live meme, à faible élévation, un atelier de taille de bifaces roses. C'est lo station a bifo-
u-s roses la plus basse jamais rencontrée, ces gisements se trouvant habituellement à plus heure
al titude.

blotion I 1 3d : Sur le kam, il y o abondance d'éclats et d'outils dons la partie sua— ouest, quel¬
ques lognons de silex au centre, et des aménagements insolites de pierres sur les bords.

Statton 115 ; Mentionnons encore une fois à l'extrémité nord-est du kam le poste européen que
nous avons décrit ci-haut.

Station 1Q3 : Sut le versant nord de l'Hot à cuestas appelé par les habitants, promontoire Porui.,
nous ovons iocalïsé de nombreux éclats de quartzite rose et bleu. Il pourrait s agir tout stmp <-
ment d* un portage qui permet de rejoindre la mer.

StQljoq IQp - E n contournant la pointe ouest du promontoire Parent, sur un petit portage qui
longe le fleuve, un phénomène «analogue ovec débris de taille.

.SjP-bons 1- 2- S- H -, E n plein coeur du village de Lourdes, dans les cours et les iordim,•*>"'
sur pierre en place que dans les dépôts sablonneux, an note des traces d occupation ornery ^
ne, non seulement sous forme d'éciais nombreux, mais également d’opjets .oçonnus. v.
étudiés sommairement rappellent l'industrie esquimaude.

H-3

H) -

Si Ton'lé Le lone de lo iouIc qui laisse Lourdes et qui se dirige vers Brade , nous avons
-— 7 - r~ , A r i(ils et outils juste avant de descendre vers le secteur des dunes que nous

u'Icvi qjc‘iqu< b ^ 1 - .. . . » . .

Les outils semblent de facture assez récente. Nous

étudierons .mmédialernenl plus loin. , .

, esumons après de multiples lecherchés, que c est de cet endroit qu un artiste préhistor

ci ai

•" ,ov6 dans une pointe de lance, l'ensemble des montagnes qui se dessinent ou fond

T" la'baie de Bradot. Dans le rapport final, nous juxtaposerons lo gravure et la photo des

montagnes.

Cn.u'nns 19- 20o- 2 0b- 2 I : Ce t ensemble de stations est remarquable ! Il s'agit d'un on-
irn delta situé entre deux flots à cuestas et au fond duquel coule un petit ruisseau ; s'y
o routent auclques petits lacs et matais. Le sable a été remanié por les vents marins, cau-
sc’Mi ainsi des dépressions et refoulant le sable en arrière sous formes de dunes de tailles im¬
posantes. On remarque aussi, tout près de ces accumulations de sable, des anciennes pla¬
ces littéralement couvertes d'éclats. Cet ensemble de dunes nécessiterait une étude com¬
plète et méthodique, car les cultures s 1 échelonnent à travers les siècles. Il nous semble c
premièie vue que le delta a été occupé avant qu'il ne subisse l'action éolienne. Des gise¬
ments ont été établis après lo formation des dunes. Nous ovons fait une cueillette de surfa¬
ce-, en tenant compte, dans toute la mesure du possible, de la situation précise des objets.

Au cours d'une prospection géographique des lieux, nous avons pu localiser trois stations
stratifiées et bien déterminées quant eu matériel lithique. Deux sont nettement archaïques ;
l'une d'elles présente quelques objets rappelant les gisements situés en hauteur c Tadoussoc,
l'outre, d'une très grande importance en ce qui concerne les fouilles de I' lle^-du-Hôvre de
Mingan, révèle une industrie lithique identique è celle trouvée à Mingan, industrie à péri¬
ras pointes de flèches avec barbelures è angle aigu. Signalons que cet ancien delta est en¬
caissé entre deux plages soulevées sur lesquelles on a relevé grand nombre de structures de
pierres dont nous reparlerons pat lo suite.

S iotipr-, 22 : Sur un front de cuesta situé face à I 1 Ile-aux-Perroquets, o une hauteur appro¬

ximative de 50 à 80 pieds, nous avons retrouvé un modeste atelier de taille où dominent les
éclats de quartzite rose et bleu.

Station 3S : Cette stofion, déjà mentionnée, fait face a la maison Courtemanche. Il s'a¬
gît d'une culture de contact que nous pensons, pour l'instant, être monfagrtaise. Nous nous
ijasons sur les documents de Courtemanche et sur lo présence de foyers, et de fragments de pi¬
pes de pierre et de terre cuite semblables à celles des postes de Joifiet à Sept-lles et Mingan.

Station 3 4 Tout près des cabanons et dans les débris mêmes des cabanons dégagés par la ni —
voleuse, nous trouvons des rognons et éclats de silex. Mentionnons entre autres quelques lames
a médiane laissant supposer une culture esquimoïde.

Sjotions 36- 36b Le long de la route, des deux côtés, et à proximité de l'école actuelle de
Brador, nous avons recueilli de nombreuses pièces d'allure esquimaude, telles lames avec mé-
aianes, grattoirs de type Dorset, etc.. . Mentionnons également quelques pièces de silex |

po-

On note quelques lignes d‘habitation’intactes. Les éclats et pièces taillées se trouvent
aussi bien sur les roebers nus qui tombent dans la baie de Brador que sur les dépôts de sable re¬
maniés par les vents.

S lotions 37

oujours dans ce secteur, s* on longe le promontoire en direction ouest, les ateliers de tan**?
son? nombreux, riches surtout en éclats de quartzite rose.

Station 300 : Quant au site mentionné plus haut avec fours de briques, il nous est im

1-Hh

- 11 -

poy, je moment d’en reconnaître la culture, les pièces trouvées étant peu nombreuses ou
cours des deux jouis de sondages.

STRUCTURES DE PIERRES

La question des maisons rondes n'est pas nouvelle, et noos n* avons nullement
, i ; n it-ntion de prétendre en être le premier découvreur. Mois le fait nous a teliemen- im-
piessionnés que nous nous sommes faits un devoir d'en signaler io présence aux archéoto-
( . t Ju monde entier. Déjà nous avions été éveillés à cette question par 1 * archéologue
Thomas Lee. Dès le début de la saison, alors que nous attendions notre équipement, nous
nous sommes concentrés sur l'étude des photographies aériennes. En plus de localiser les
fondations des habitations européennes de Brador, notre attention s'est portée sur un ali¬
gnement de points ronds, parfois jumelés, le long du rebord de la terrasse soulevée située
du côté ouest de lo baie des Dunes. Une excursion sur les lieux vint vite nous convaincre
de l'importance des vestiges. Nous n'étions pas certains tout d'abord si ces arrangements
étaient naturels, car leur forme faisaient penser ô des phénomènes du pérïglociaire. Une
brève exploration autour de ces structuies ronaes mit à jour, entre les galets, quelques
fragments de gouge et quelques projectiles d'allure nettement archaïque. Ces étrenges
structures avaient déjà attiré l'attention des "voyageurs", puisque nous en avons trouvé
une de pillée. Dons un but scientifique, pour mieux orienter nos fouilles ultérieures, nous
en avons à notre toui dégagé une, mais méthodiquement, avec notes et photos. Nous re¬
parlerons de celle-ci plus loin.

Du côté est du promontoire Parent, le long du chemin qui conduit au quai, nous
«vous remarqué des assemblages de pieires, non pas en forme de maisons rondes, comme sur
'es autres plages soulevées, mais indiquant un remaniement humain. Dons une de ces srruc-
res, nous avons recueilli une hoche d'allure nettement archaTque. Nous n'avons ou con¬
tinuel les sondages pour couse de pluie. Tous les problèmes archéologiques demeurent en
suspens sur cette terrasse.

La première zone de maisons dont nous avons pu faire une étude assez poussée
enserre tout l'ensemble de l'ancien delta et des dunes, D 5 après une sommaire observation
des lieux, le glacier aurail disséqué le rciief "cuestaïque" en hauteur, arrachant les blocs
à portir des formations de grès rouge. Par lo suite, ces blocs détachés ont été remaniés par

. , T -Je grès rouge, rat lo suite, ces blocs de toc nés on r ere remanies pu*

lo mer et déposés sur les deux terrasses déployées en éventail, parallèlement aux rebords au
delta. Les blocs et galets ont été remaniés par l'action des vagues, mais l'action au gel et
dégel ne s y remarque pratiquement pas. Sur ces deux terrasses, on peur observer en pognon,
de ! altitude une succession de plages soulevées dues aux mouvements isostatiques. Nous
allons étudier une à une ces deux groupes de terrasses soulevées.

j . ■ — ■ — ’w.i.vivv; oc iiummeux chocs, xux unes

on, que ques unes de ces formations, des squelettes humains .
ou eau. ous n avons pu retracer aucun des crânes trouvés, les

in no 4 . _ 4 k i «. I. .U .

; spersés un peu partout. Nous avons ,
not. Les individus ayant habités ces

>cun aes ci ânes ~- r é~

dégagé de cm >m mmSZS i£Z2m

; lieux auraient pu profiter de ces phénomènes

M-5

1 ?-

?»0
rid<

OV

zxnru' de p
do 1 o bose .

Is, f?W

p4'U< “O 1 * C

Non loin de cos e

lKKSI en foire des sépultures, ce qui expliquerait les arrangements
ntonnôirs, parfois à quelques pieds seulement, nous nous souvenons

v.oes. »vo.-. n. n )CS liaisons .ondes, dont les d.amènes mesuraient en moyenne une di-

ovoir repère nos P*f n , urs pouvaient atteindre une houteur de 2 à 3 oieds, à partir

ae oieds. v- _ oiSément une plus gronde hauteur si l'on tient compte des nom-
c *' ■ . entourent. Poursuivant notre cvance sur les deux terrasses, ces

’extrémité norct-c _

longue saison sur ces deux plages soulevées.

20 à 30 pieds, a

icz de travail pour une

l'autre côté des dunes, on note également une gradation de ploges, mais celle

» 85 ^e'ds'ou-dessus du niveau de la mer nous a particulièrement intéressés. Déjà nous
( 5 ‘ avions repérée sur les photos aériennes. Lo plage elle-même peut avoir une largeur de 50
ds fMe se divise dons ia partie nord-est en deux bronches fort rapprochées. C
. - * — :-J A., i„ inr^t.o • d'autres au centre et ou fond.

des junctures se trouvent sur ie oord de lo terrasse ,

Certaines
Nous pou-

une r inquonlaine d'autres structures. Quelles formes présentent-elles ? lî y en a en forme de
cercle, de cercles soudés l'un o l’autre sous forme d'un huit, de trois cercles disposés en trè¬
fle, de forme elüpsoide à trois divisions, dont un mur à la verticale ou centre et deux divisions
également rondes dans ies extrémités. Certaines maisons ont une petite annexe également ron¬
de de foime. On voit, face aux maisons longeant le bord de la terrasse, des emplacements de
foyeis. Certains arrangements dans la roche laissent croire à des sépultures. Notons que tes
muis, on généra!, sont à peine visibles et qu* ils ne font qu'affleurer le sol. Il semble qu'ils
aient été soumis depuis longtemps à l'action des éléments. Les roches éboulées vers l'intérieur
! reposons sur ur. poléo-plonchet le prouvent. Comporant ces phénomènes à ceux observés sur
•s ploges récemment soulevées ou en voie de l'être, on se rend vite compte, par le disposi¬
tion des galets, que l'action de l'homme n'y est pas absente. Dès la première semaine, nous
avons trouvé, dons un petit foyer situé face à une maison ronde, quelques éclats de silex et des
fragments de gouge verdâtre fort patinée. Dons les environs immédiats d'une autre maison nous
avons localisé un projectile lancéolé égolemenf fort patiné par le temps. Voyant i* importance
que pouvaient avoir ces découvertes sur l'orientation de nos fouilles, nous nous sommes décidés
à foire un sondage méthodique.

Lo maison sondée mesure en diamètre une dizaine de pieds. Elle est jumelée avec
un< nulle d égale importance. Toutes deux forment un huit parfait. Il y c de la végétation
mis es deux centres. Les galets sont ronds et couverts de lichens, sans fragments dus ou gel,
et qui atteste qu ils «voient déjà perdu toute aptitude à l'être au moment de lo construction
<s maisons. Nous avons commencé le travail en enlevant une rangée de pierres cans lo sec¬
tor, su -ouest. Un gros rognon de quartz est le seul vestiges retrouvé d'industrie lithîque. A
iroVn ’ i ^ U< T nc ? u ’ enlevions les pierres, le sol devenait de plus en plus dur et stérile. Aucune
K. roc >ar OM e bois. Nous devions cependant être plus Fortunés dans la partie ottenanre.
vail 'ecueilli deux projectiles pédoncuiés, bien pafinés. N’oyont pu terminer le fra-

iiouvei h irT, rnrnC r re j° U,rl jf quelques jours avant ia fin du camp. Nous avons eu le surprise de
cr. face d‘ n pr °.° n ? ur ° environ trois pieds, une épaisse couche de bois brûlé. Nous étions
de fond de rnknl^ 0 '' 0 ''" Observant minutieusement le sol qui, dans ie passé, devait servir
• ,, ' ^® us r \ ous sommes rendus compte que cette crémation était postérieure o le

d‘ humuf dorTT*4 C * • ^ oc,lon du feu o noirci et rougi en quelques endroits P imposante couche
>mo< onnit’i a f>01SSRUt R® 0 * s cx pl*quer par une longue végétation, poussant là depuis long-
jmmr nous I jR_ S .R. rIOul î c ^.®? s et d'arbustes oyant pris racine dans cette sorte de cuvette.

ayant qprts . _ _ ___...._

a. ions remarqué ailleurs au centre de certaines structures rondes.

■"A-,

Un poi r. i q si -

1 A-6

-,..ui

t/c* signés, évidents d'ocre. Nous ovons pris des éehontiIIons. De.,
,. quelques dents homoinus sont venus compléter le tableau. Nous avon
-pu in toc t , à 1 1 abri de tout pii leur éventuel , afin de prendre un ëchan*

S OSS(

' s laissé nr

, . . . prendre un échantillon de c

de lo prochaine saison, les conditions lors des fouilles ne 1 'ayant pos «e

- 13 -

fiagmen-
poi tie
^Kirtjon

rmis.

(ù> t

du fo - ,

de bois ou cour, d .

pfoutre port, la photo aérienne o signalé d'autres formations rondes en direction de- pioaes
t pétieures, formations que nous n avons malheureusement pas eu le temps d'êtudiei a fond
(us maisons dont nous venons de parler étaient situées à une hauteur de 85 pieds au-dessus du
niveau de la mer.

Si nous laissons cette terrasse supérieure et descendons rejoindre la route oui "conduit
à ('aéroport, nous voyons une plage soulevée des plus remarquables en ce qui concerne fia -

(dial amérindien. Sur cette plage paiallèle à lo première, sise à une oltitude cpnrox■ motive de
50 pieds, se leconnaTt une évidente suite de structures de maisons, nettement rct snc. circ-s r - -
le fois, à murs communs, alignées comme des moîsons le long d'une rue. Les murs sedecaae-'
très peu du sol, ce qui nous fait plutôt penser à des tentes. Un sondege exécuté dons jne rr,c>-
jpn a ramené en surface quelques éclats de quartz ainsi que des fragments de bois brûlé. Nous
voilé devant un problème archéologique de plus à résoudre dans les cnnées prochaines.

D’outres structures ont été découvertes à quelques milles à î’ouest au poste répété
ou fond de lu baie de Biador. Elles sont assez basses par rapport ou niveau actuel de lo mer ,
mois pas inférieures, il me semble, ô 35 ou 40 pieds. Certaines sont très visibles cn.ec un in¬
tervalle de 5 pieds au moins entre lo plus haute rongée de pierres et le fond semi -sou terra in
de I ' habi lo t i on. Une des structures nous a surpris. Construite contre le flanc d‘une faia se
obrupte, elle n'en n'était pas moins ronde, comme si le rondeur étoit un élément conven-îon-
nel ou ri tuel .

Mais le site de maisons le plus spectaculaire fut certainement celui des Selles-A-
,urs, découvert par les membres de l'équipe lors d'une excursion de fin de semaine. Les
Bol les-Amours, dites Balsamon dans le journal de Jolliet, sont situées à une quinzaine dé-mu¬
les ô l'ouest de Brador. Il y a dans ces parages une très longue pxsinte dégageant ae choque
côté de magnifiques plages. Dans la première des baies située immédiatement au pieu de -c
côte, nous remarquons, è une altitude de quelque 50 pieds, une très longue terrasse soulevée
faîte uniquement de galets roulés. Si l'on continue de monter vers le centre de le pointe, c'
rencontre d'abord un petit lac auprès duquel la majeure parlie des maisons sont blotties, puis
on rejoint, par une montée groduelle, une deuxième terrasse estimée ô 80 ou 100 pieas au-des¬
sus du niveau de la mer. Entre ces deux terrasses, on remarque au nord quelques ïamaeoux ce
terrasses également couvertes de maisons. Cette découverte des Belles-Amours c retenu notre
attention, non seulement h couse de la conservation parfaite des srfucrures porfîei lament ébou¬
lées, mais parce qu'elles donnaient quelques explications sur les autres formations au sujet cus-
quelles nous retenions toujours l'hypothèse de leur origine pérïglacioire. Ici, au can doute :
Nous avons vraiment affaire ô des habitations humaines, certains des murs atteignant de 4 ô 5
picas de hauteur. Nos efforts ont surtout porté sur la ploge inférieure. Chacune des structures
o été iclevée au théodolite et identifiée par un numéro. Au nombres de 26 elles son? toutes or-
ru aires exception faite des maisons 1 et 5. La maison 1 est rectangulaire, mesura;.; quelque 3C
pu ; s de longueur et 20 pieds de largeur. Les murs rte sont pros hauts, mais on v distingue une
ou >tr rangée de pierres. Les coins sont orrondis. Tout le fond de la maison est plot e* couvert
uni. rpaisse couche de végétation. Au centre, quelques gros blocs en sc! 1 1 i e . Ce 1 te mai so : '

° C tJn enc ^ ro 't tout a fait privilégié auprès du petit lac. Nous avons fait un sondogeene —

/nn! icotemenl la strate végétale. Il y c des débris de cuisine, mois aucune pièce coiac'é-
iqui n o encore été recueillie. Nous avons remis le tout dans son étçr original, laissai-.* a
quipe spécialisée que nous devons mettre sur pied au cours de la prochaine saison je soin ae
immer ce travail. Notons la présence de bois brûlé au coeur de I’ensemble de me i c
soi lie au centre. On, ne sait p>as encore s'il s'agit d'un p>oteau brûlé ou d‘ >n fer, er .

1 r s r, étant que partielles.

ï-s taisant
; o ~

1+7

a

ifs /

Le: moi son 5 reste intrigante. Le mur sud est foit de blocs carrés parfaite:-. en; er ,|;.
déposés sur une seule rongée. Malgré certains bouleversements, «Ile présente uno
"àffér dont le mur nord fait défour, les deux murs parai IM es voyant leur Bout tourner

extérieur A ongle droit pour donner Lino autre partie plus large et rectangulaire. Le mur

' ’ <■ cette nouvelle division est par î ie 1 lement détruit. Un fait remarquable dons cette moi*

nC [ a , n,^ e tout près de la première est lo fine disposition des galets en plate-forme de coucho-

<0 Un sondage dons un rayon de 3 pieds a ramené en surface de nombreux ossements, certains
^entant une allure d’outils fragmentés.

Quant aux outres structures, de forme circulaire, elles varient en diamètre et en
■ leur. Certaines sont semi-souterraines-, D autres ont leurs murs construits imrr>éd*gtemenr
|„ niveau primitif de la terrasse. Certaines indiquent, de par les roches éboulées vers l‘in-
et la hauteur actuelle des murs une forme d'iglou ou de nid d'abeilles. La plupart ont
petite pièce contiguë d’un ou deux pieds de diamètre. Tous les fonds de maison sont recou-
V £fts d‘ une couche assez épaisse de débris organiques et de lichens. Au cours des opérations
c ' c-'penioge, un observateur épiait notre travail. Il nous faut parler d 1 un acte que nous jugeons
devoir rapporter aux lecteurs. Il s’agit d’un collectionneur établi dans le Lobrador dit terreneu-
vien. Cet homme s’est par la suite livré à une déprédation qui, heureusement, n'a pas eu de
lâcheuses conséquences pour nos recherches. I! n'a fait qu'enlever la couche ce lichens dans
une dizaine de structures. Une seule pièce, de fait, a été trouvée dans la maison 17. Il s'agit
d'un harpon en os dont nous avons la photo et qui nous sera remis bientôi, ayant convaincu cette
personne à se joindre & notre société et ô procéder plus scientifiquement dons ses fouilles. Cette
collaboration, en plus de fournir b cet homme intelligent et désireux de bien faire tes éléments
de base d'une vraie recherche, nous a valu lo connaissance d'une trentoine de stations situées
en majeure partie en territoire dit terreneuvîen.

D'owtres maisons se voient à l'extrémité sud de io pointe. Il en est de même sur ia
ionosse supérieure qui nous semblent plus oncienrtes. Les murs, en effet, comme pour !o terrasse
de 85 pieds étudiée plus haut, sont à peine visibles et affleurent le sol. Mais un fcît s'es! révé¬
lé d' une très grande importance. A l’extrémité nord de cette terrasse, tout près de la fçlcise et
des deux côtés de Ig route,des vestiges d’un très ancien site cmérîndien ! Ont été receuïilis Ce
nombreux outils nettement archcFques, tels des projectiles pédonculés et des flèches massives c
berbelures à angles aigus. Le matériau est de silex, d'ardoise, de quartzite rose et de cristal de
roche. Nous pensons que ces outils se rattachent aux maisons de le terrasse supérieure. Voiiâ
c 1 heure actuelle ce que nous pouvons donner de description globole des maisons ou stiuctures
de pierres observées par î'éautpe au cours de l'été. Nous dirons maintenant quelques mots au
sujet des sépultures.

SE PULTURES

dent au#, ~ >r> orc, ' éolo 9 ue r le problème des sépultures est toujours compliqué. Il es; ê.vi-

mains dont on re?^ ^ >eU p® nt , a PP 5 >rfei ' dès renseignements très précieux Sur les groupements hu¬
tte octivité, il e^tnu-.n ‘rr Str l e - 9 r ',P° ur (a P lu P° rt dcs endroits où nous avons exerç é nc -
lais* qui seVouvr ? UeStlC ? n 1 ^ découvertes impossibles à vérifier. Ainsi, dans le fa-

qu'on aurait par I a Blanc Gabion, on aurait découvert plusieurs sépultures

rosse qui s’élève derrrièro >°° ^ cas de 23 crânes réensevelis sur la ter-

eux-mêmes, il V^ a été lZ J!*- r $* “«"«-Sablon. Malgré les mdî cations des découvreurs
les -enseignements^scïenHfio^f' deS crânes en question oour en retire.'
fournis pour vérifier chCcunT^s^’ ^ ? Uroî ^ ^ D'autre pdrt, malgré les efforts

des cuestas, nous n'avons pu rétro J® rneS OU ,°j rlS 5 “ OUS rocht; Cran des Morts cl de chacune
avons pu retrouver ur> seul des squelettes enveloppés'dons de l’écorce dé

■ : \ ■'- -r.; :i:v iV;'

M

146

l:

i nu que del habitants de l'endroit prétendaient 'voir vus et dont lo bonne foi ne saurai-
h°' / l,if en défaut. M est vroi que nous n! avons ecu sert que 10 à 15% des endroits susccp-
s de conserver des sépultures, laissant même de côté celle trouvée dans ies derniers Jours
' notre saison sur lo tentasse de Blanc Sablon. Un seul endroit nous c permis de recueil!": des
ric menti humains, soit è Middle Boy ; nous sommes rr ai heureusement orrivés un an en rest d,
^^çoors de l'été de 1967, en effet.les villageois s, -bent b io recherche de galets et de pier-
le lon9 de hd 0 **® du côté est de la baie. Dans u » coulée, iis ont découvert aux pieds
7 cran rocheux un amoncel lement de galets roulés. C'est en les enlevant qu' ils mirent à jour
ossements et des débris de récipient d’écorce cousue et finement décorée de peinture rou-
Ne sachant trop quoi foire de ces trouvailles, ils ont o:os 5 lo plupart des objets ■ ur lo ro-

rk s

a?

he- Lorsque nous sommes orrivés sur les lieux, tout y étoit, sauf, comme d'habÎTudc- le plus
n parlant, le crâne. H s'agit satis aucun doute d'une sépulture de contact puisque le rebora

impôt

du'récipient est fait de cuivre européen. La découverte c néammb-is son intérêt méritant o'ê-
(re rapporté, d'outont plus qu'elle nous donne d'excellents i di

tre rapporté
semant préhistoriques.

îs sur les modes d'ensevelis-

HYPO THESES

Une première hypothèse repose sur le bon sens et l'étude de io géographie. Le sec-
teui où nous avons déployé io mojeure portie de nos activités est un endroit des plus logiques
pour une installation humaine. Il y o des hâvres et des plages magnifiques. C'est l'entrée
même du détroit de Belte-lsle. Ce lieu était susceptible de se trouver sur la route des premiers
visiteurs, avec ses ressources attirantes. Ressources de la mer comme les baleines, les loup-
marins, les myriades de poissons comprenant surtout la morue, et les truites et saunons dons les
lacs et rivières. Ressources de lo terre caractérisées surtout par lo présence de grandes hardes
de caribous. Abondance incroyable, encore aujourd'hui, ae volatiles, entre autres les moyafcs,
La pointe de Blanc Sablon, è cette époque, était appelée par les indigènes " hamchichibanque ,
ce qui veut dire " tuerie de monjacque & senets " selon l'expression tirée du mémoire de Cour-
lemanche. Cette richesse en gibier ailé ne se dément pas dons les flots de Brader. Ajoutons
è teci divers petits fruits comestibles dont 1 es u chicoutais M ; le milieu pouvoit retenir les
hommes. Pourquoi, ces conditions existant dès l'origine, les Amérindiens et autres r.e s’y
seraient pas établis ? Pourquoi les trafiquants européens se seraient-ils désintéressés de ces
groupements humains si t'on se souvient de I* importance de lo traite. On pourrait objecter
a ces richesses naturelles l'absence d’arbres i Mois d'où vient précisément cette absence d’ar¬
bres? Des géologues n* ont-ils pas trouvé des souches dans te sol? N‘avons-nous pas nous-
memes remarqué les grandes épaisseurs de débris organiques ô certoïns endroits? Des gouges,
out.H typiques pour la taille du bois n'ont-elles pas été recueillies ? Pourquoi les arbres ont-
1 s disparu t Serait-ce dû è une très vieille occupation des lieux? Mous pousserons plus loin
prochai^ 4 ^"* ,0nS °® domaine P^r les spécialistes qui se joindront à nous ou cours de la

d'evau'i Mous oil ow■ maintenant esquisser d'autres hypothèses. On nous reproche souvent
* hypothèses. Nous sommes convaincus que c'est un très bon moyen de foire
bfiaue e# r.° îc,er *ce, a conoition que chacune d'elle soit ensuite soumise à l'analyse scien-
I' imaoin »• noxJi n imaginons rien, comment la recherche avancera-t-elle? Combien de Fois
découvert ^ intuition nous o incités b faire quelques milles de plus et vérifier par une

scieS«?J e b,en - f , on< ? é °® telle idéeI Pourquoi 7aut-il, sous le faux prétexte d'esprit
des idée^U £^kl° 0 £“‘ r * ®i S i mem . eï sentJers battus, La science n* interdit pas la hardiesse
suivantes' hvnnthïsJ^ 0 CUP ° es P r,t «on-conformiste. Nous proposons donc les hypothèses
doit êire véXél s q " OWS °° us <*”F*«sons de soumettre è io critique. Chacune d'eile

H-?

: ' , ' 5 SiiPs 5; : y ■'-^a^i^sssaBBasaBSBig»»

- 16 _

f'ici; i< '' nypothftse^conccrnont les posies de traites : il y oy'rait eu n ô.odor
■iiles Fronça!s_antérieurs à Courtemanche. Il y aurait eu égolemenl des postai, Hspa>

•" c ,. pour les mômes roisor.s, pourquoi n*y trouverait-on pos des vestiges des Celtes

Scandinaves?

Deuxième Hypothèse : les Esquimaux c lo peau blanche. Disons que c’c-st beau-
- r - plus qu’une simple hypothèse tant les documents -ni explicites. Afin dt ne pas trop
in texte, citons quelques passages tirés d’auteurs contemporains. Voici ce que
° 0 .j> en dit Louis Jolliet :

“On trouve le long des cotes du Labrador des Esquimaux qui sont en grand nom¬
bre. Quand ils n’ont pas de commodités pour foire du feu, ils mangent la vian¬
de et le poisson tout cru. Ils sont d’une taille route, ©et le visage et le corps
blanc, et les cheveux frisés. Chacun a plusieurs femr, es, fort blonches er bien
faites : leurs cheveux traînent è terre. Elles sont fo, < adroites à le couture.

Comme les hommes elles se couvrent de peaux de loup-marin et ont pour toutes
sortes de choses beaucoup d* industrie" . Louis Jolliet, Delangîez, page 312.

Et dans les enviions de Cartwright, à 53’ et 45’ de latitude, il décrit ces Esqui¬
maux de la manière suivante :

"J’entrai dons sa cabane, il me montra sa femme qui était vieille. Elle me prit
la main, m 1 embrassa à la française ; sa fille qui était mariée, fit la même chose.

Elle avait un enfant fort blanc, gras, bien fait, âgé de 10 mois. ..."

Brouaae, le beau-fils de Courtemanche, eut beaucoup offoire avec ces Esquimaux
blancs. Il leur fit même la guerre. Il les décrit lui également comme des hommes oîcncs,
mois barbus. Mais i! nous a fourni un élément d’une très gronde importance en ce qui concei-
ne l’origine de ces hommes. I! s’agit d’un court vocabulaire que lui ont dressé quelques pri-
sonr.let' . Lé texte e été remis à monsieur Gérard McNulty, linguiste, qui l'étudie présente¬
ment. Sons vouloir présumer des résul iots de son analyse, ce vocabulaire présente jusqu'ici
oes signes de contact entre une peuplade esquïmouae et une nation inconnue. Certains des
mots sont nettement esquimaux ; d’outres appartiennent fe une langue morte.

Nos ancêtres ne sont pas les seuls c mentionner ces hommes blancs. Il serait Oon
d ajouter un témoignage viking tiré de la Saga de Thorfinn Karlskefni, et que nous rapporte
le journal isfe André Luchaire.

Mois on y relève aussi dans la description de certoins Skraelings des Toits tndiquon
un mélange racial avec des Blancs : au Morklond les Vikings remarquent dans un grou¬
pe de Skroeiings un homme barbu. C’est d’ailleurs ce même groupe qui le» rensei¬
gne sur un "pays au delà du leur, où les gens sont habillés de blanc, poussent des
grands cris et portent des bâtons munis d’étoffe". Fort pertinemment, l'auteur ajou¬
te : "Ce pays, pense-t-on est celui connu sous le nom de Pays de I' Homme blanc,
ou Grande irloride" ( les anciens moines irlandais étaient en effet vêtus de bionc }
Article d'André Luchaire, La Presse, 23 octobre 1968.

enfin, je témoignage de 1 1 obbé Laïr, aumônier à Brador, traduit de l’anglais ;

On offirme que les Esquimaux dépassent les 30,000 en nombre. Ils n’ont aucun
contact ni ovec les sauvages, ni avec le Européens dont ils diffèrent grondement.

'\ n .. °*]* P° s darbe, ont la peau pâle, bien faits et très adroits. . . On croit
qu ils descendenl des Islandais ou des Norvégiens, mais ils pourraient peut-être
ou contra ire cescencrr de la colonie que les Danois avaient au Groenland .1 y O
quelque 300 ons e! qui est depuis lors disparue. Cri pourra trouve! sons aucun dpu-
* e leur langage des mots d’origine européenne. Il est 'facile de’"ê@spji>dfc le

problème- de ces mots par les langues basques, islandaises, norvégiennes <• ' dono -
ses." "The French on Labrador,* 3 Document fourni -par Michel Ggumoriq.

1

Donc, mémesl le groupe roc io! décrit par le chapelain semble un peu différent

. . ! < nnr In inf ni M « * I _ . . _ . '

c

fou

f _ _ précis où ces Esqc

niaient au printemps, soit sur I !le-à-Bois. Si nous pouvions, en plus des outils façon’ ü ,
r< -trouve r quelques sépultures intactes, il va sans dire que les mesures encéphaliques s'çvé-
. e roiert! fort utiles pour I identification.

Autre hypothèse que nous lançons pour fin d'études : pourquoi l'absence presque
*o*ole de poterie sur la Basse Cote Nord *? Serait—ce parce que les Amérindiens trouvaient
me illeuis les récipients de pierre ou d'écorce ? Serait-ce dû ou fait qu’ils ne trouvaient pas
éléments nécessaires à cette fabrication ? Ou serait-ce tout simplement parce que ces

pothèse

pater

Que penser maintenant des maisons rondes ? Une première hypothèse vient de la
façon dont elles se présentent. H semble que ce secteur de la Basse Côte Nord, jusqu’à preu¬
ve du contraire, ait été le lieu d’arrivée principal et d‘ établ ïssement stable des premiers ar¬
rivants. Il s'agirait du centre le plus important de distribution des moîsons. Plus les structures
sont à haute altitude, moins elles sont intactes ; plus elles sont à faible altitude., plus elles
sont bien conservées. Pourrions-nous établir une même observation et dire que plus nous allon:
vers le sud et l'ouest, plus les structures sont en meilleur état, ayant été construites plus rard
au cours des migrations ?

Quels sont donc les individus qui ont construit ces habitations ? Une première hy¬
pothèse : les peuplades Dorset. Les seuls éléments sur lesquels nous pouvons nous baser jusqu’c
maintenant pour affirmer ceci sont le harpon en os, les plates-formes de couchage, la forme de
ertoines maisons rectangulaires, et i'oltifude par rapport au niveau de la mer, présumant que
'eau atteignait alors les plages sur lesquelles ces structures sont édifiées, soit vers i ’ en «CGC.
Mais cette tradition toutefois s’est certes maintenue. Un dessin fait en 1550 par Pierre Desce-
liers laisse voir à Brest ( Canada } un ensemble d’habitation "saulvaïges" en forme de nids d’o-
beiiîes. ( Le Magazine Mocfean, novembre 1968, Léon Bernard ). Nous devrions obtenir une
meilleure connaissance l’été prochain alors que nous passerons au crible fous les fonds de mai¬
son .

Quant à l’origine archaïque des maisons situées en hauteur, il n’y a pratiquement
aucun doute. L’altitude le prouve, ainsi que l’état dans lesquelles an les trouve. Tous les
outils recueillis à cette altitude sont archaïques.

_ Nous traiterons maintenant de l‘origïne celtique ou Scandinave de ces maisons.

Une première hypothèse repose sur les faits suivants. Tous les historiens admettent que les £Jre-

ent-

' e *i r < :or,f '°'S4ûHjtce de la mer ? D’où les Celtes eux-mêmes la tenaient-ils ? Des Phéniciens,

Ne^r erUS r ' av, 9 a,eiJ T s ' < l u ' fréquentaient toutes les mers connues de l’antiquité, pourquoi pas ?

rouve- -on pas de plus en plus cfes signes intrigants de leur présence en Amérique ?Or, ce
s j QL) ' 0l ] S °'* ? GnS ^jt aux £- e ît es c’est la forme en nids d’abeilles de quelques construe tions, a în-
Scondî ° merl l ° n ° Esquimaux blancs dans ces parages. Ce qui nous fait également penser aux
n '7 av . eS/ c esr la contemporéanïté des peuplades Dorset dont nous avons retrouvé des moi-
l 1 i , comfr ‘ en * aî " r ®s de l’abbé Lair. Que cherchait au juste, il y a quelques années,

nerches le ?1 C Sloques Scandinaves. Munis d’ une très ancienne carte, ils ont fait maintes ne-
M i . j , , nÇi ^ ... ° uren,f pour retrouver un établissement scondinave bâti sur une longue

. . , . e * Voi la pourquoi la pointe de Natashkuan a connu leur visite. Ils se spai même

' J 'J|° Il . , or 'V s on * a ' e f°»* remarqué, sur les Îlots, quelques maisons rondes qd' ils
,u i i es d iglous ou forts. Qu’auraient—ils pensé en voyant la magnifique poirui- des ôo’-

-Amours < ? se? motsons rondes et rectangulaires ? f* i
_,, 5 i»pOJ tonto ? 50 Feinte de B1

- 18 -

Qnc Sobl on, n' est-el-

nf in, f hypothèse flnole, que plusieurs «... -

(o prétention de formuler comme personnelU^"* de plüi en plus «t QUf>

rlcntique nord ? Voici présentée ' ,Q Venue 0004 ,

• • 5 _ Pfesen.Oes brièvement et en vm,. . lmim 9r«tion por le

poursu ,v enf o partir du nord de l'Euroi^t^*? Toisons oppuyont
; des vents dominants VAa-t! i e i turope jusqu’ ou QuéW L '

-'«vont fXJ5 [a prête

- de ! 1 Atlantique nord f

V ' j;,,.. ■ lo suite d’fies qui se poursuivent h ;„ a , v '* w " Vf o<

convergence des courants ma, ins et des vents dominons v^ Québ^ ï^’^O^ecd fo
;,,, s nos qui oident o I orientât,on, lo présence plus massive * v ***«*me de cer¬
cle du P îanC !° n d T S - T î é9,on et i<3 vî ® animale intense aTi Jn S C6S i c ri¬

da globe è certaines périodes, les ressemblances entre |* outille^ fitWi« U **', U réch ^?? e men
cf d'outre, etc ? Remarquons qu ,1 s'agit pour I s instant d'une sériel 6 1° P ° ter?€ °* port
n'jie f la recherche. Les proche.nés saisons essaieront de trouver des r lJl yPO,KeSei P rc P^s à stî
dons. A cette fin, nous ^ttrons sur pied, et c'est déjà commencé, unTéoui L’T” C P. S ^ €S
nnhej groupent des experts en otvers secteurs, afin de bien saisir < q 136 Piw-dwcipli■

dB i ; h “ bîW h '"” ain - U importance e t lo nature SSS&Zjfr* •

lf; certainement. ^utog.ques t ex.

René Levesque, président.

Société d Archéologie de le Côte Nord,
888, Avenue de Bourgogne, opt. 2,
Ste-Poy, Québec 10.

*M0£*

■

lËfij&M Pül

1^2

Title; The Brador establishment

A. the begmomg of the 18 ceohoy, the^febec Lower North Shore v,as an cx.ens
New France. The king of France awarded noblemen with stretches of the
manage, protect and exploit. FromT702 to 1760, Augustin Le Gardeur de Courted
and lus heirs managed a concession in the area. This concession gave them the e *r
right to trade with AbonginaKpeopIes and to fish for seals, whales and cod alone-
stretch of coastline. 3n(l7Û5. Courtcmanche established his headquarters at Fort ** *
Pontchartrain. a trading post located >f4antjfefec tt em) from here. This was the first

The Brador establishment was a busy place. Until 1760, it ran the most productive sc-
fishery- in the area. People stationed there also fished salmon cod, and traded fur
Counemanche employed about 30 Imiu families as hunters and trappers, all of whom
camped near the Fort.

which

Inuit Girl Held Captive

When an attempt to establish fur-trade relations with the Jnuil turned sour, Courtcmanche
kidnapped a 20 year old girl named Acoutsina. Courtemanche died one month later, in
1717. His step-son François Martel de Brouage took over the management of Fort
Pontchartrain.

Over the following tvvo years, there was no sign of the Inuit. Acoutsina stayed with
Madame Courtcmanche and was treated as member of the family. She learned enough
French to serve as an interpreter and taught Brouage the basics of the Inuit language
Despite everything, in 1718 Brouage wrote that Acoutsina “still has a strong desire to
return to her nation”. She got her chance when a group of inuit, including Acoutsina >
father. Chief Oui tagnaro, were sighted on a nearby island. Brouage approached t ,tni ,I ' ! ‘
readily accepted that the chief take his daughter back. Before she left, Acoustina s r< - 1

teacher gave her a book so that she could share her knowledge with the others, t co.jf.
was never heard of again

(374mots)

Fort Pontchartrain

Acoutsina

and The Fur trade

153

353 mots

L39

f'nft pontchartram (t.2

a

Ancient French fort near Brest, 3radore 3ay,

- ^ St Lawrence / It was in the original grant to

on lower ~ ^ 4 nc j mar - Ke ^ the western iir.it of the

Cour J^J g shown on Del'Isle's man of 1703 (No. 15) at
grant. _ r<-kJimo river on 3aie des Espagnols or Esquimaux.
rtouzn °*^~ tb y courtemanche in 1702 and named by him after
. ^Phelvpeaux, Comte de Pontehartrain. Bradore bay was
called r 3 a ïë"ce s Islettes by Cartier and was known as Baie des
^-D-urnols in ITiiO. It was sometimes called Baie de Bonne Es-
oérance. The Eskimo river is now named St. Paul or Des Esqui¬
maux.'" The fort is shown on many old maps sometimes named n old"
fort. Maps No. 2h? 96^ 9^> 97> 105^ # 118.

lyoff. Courtemanchetp chart of his voyage indicated a
bottom of Bradore bay.

fort at

1703 » Courtemanche stated that he had two establishments,
Fontchsrtrain and Baie Phelypeau.

ihe raye Phelypeau concession was granted to Courtemanche

x ^ r . - ll - Le and was appointed Commandant pour le Roi on coa^t
of iwsorador.

iSrl■Z±X V COn Tel S :Z T OC,nfirmed to widow of Cour tenanche
famiiv exerc'sprf m* 5 rouagne,, was appointed commandant. • The
ly exerc - sed the privileges of the lease until 1760.

F^êr?rS n M^k^ie ÿ a i^WnJr e and r othf ne *2? trans:ferred the

sion until 177P. ^ r and ot,iîer3 > >*0 were in posses-

#%«^rp! r i320‘ SOld t0 Wmiam ° rer ‘ t * (Sae "^raddr»
Pontchartraih (2)

See Fort Detroit.

Historic Forts and trading Posts* Ernest Voorhis, X<?30.

1

mm

v-\ ; 0$

'îl^'-’i.

l&ÊÀ

de* Jiniuït

I

r^V-^ 6 ’

\tr£tV*dncA

f ÿ£££i:*îJpMèts

l. ci. i/ ///<?/ ///

î ^

‘

. >■2

1 57

1 58

Appendix 2:

20 1 5 Artifact j~ieid Aatelogfor
Mart A-faletj M are M ar bor and

^aimon bay

field #

type

material

prov unit

cm b.d. notes

Hart Chalet 2013 Field Catalog

House 1

5

iron spike

iron

unit 1

141 bt

green glaze inside;
brown and white

6

nail

ceramic

unit 1

145 bt outside

7

nail

iron

unit 1

143 bt

8

nail

iron

unit 1

137 bt

9

nail

iron

unitl

115 bt

14

nail

iron

unit 2

161 bt

15a

spike

iron

unit 2

160 bt

15b

spike

iron

unit 2

na

16

wire nail

iron

unit 2

160

17

stone flake

chert

unit 2

not saved

18

stone flake

Groswaterunit 2

na

19

knife

iron

unit 2

168 bt

4

cut bone

whale

unit 3

174 discarded

1

EW ware

ceramic

unit 4

190 bt tan paste

2

nail

iron

unit 4

189 bt

3

flakes

chert

unit 4

190 top of grey sand

10

nail

iron

unit 4

151 head up, i.e. plank floor

11

nail

iron

unit 4

163 floor level

12

nail

iron

unit 4

158 floor level

13

EW ware

ceramic

unit 4

158 bt same vessel as #1

TP1

a few tiles and rotten

bone, none collected

TP2-1

EW ware

ceramic

TP2

na

pointed base of small
thin-walled EW vessel

TP4-1

fire-stone

quartz

TP4

na

TP4-2

TP4-3

stoneware

nail

ceramic

iron

TP4

TP4

na

na

orange bottom and
interior; brown exterior

TP4-4

nail

iron

TP4

na

TP4-5

washer ring

iron

TP4

135 bt

thought at first to be

TP4-6

bird beak

bone

TP4

132 bt harpoon

TP4-7

nail

iron

TP4

132 bt

TP4-8

nail

iron

TP4

134 bt

TP4-9

nail

iron

TP4

142 bt

TP4-10

stoneware

ceramic

TP4

TP4-na

worked bone

whale

TP4

na found in bone bag

TP4-11

nail

iron

TP4

126

TP4-12

stoneware

ceramic

TP4

na

TP4-13

nail

iron

TP4

na

TP4-14

loop

iron

TP4

na

TP4-15

knifeblade

iron

TP4

na

TP4-16

nail

iron

TP4

na

TP4-17

nail

iron

TP4

na

TP4-18

nail

iron

TP4

na

TP4-19

nail

iron

TP4

na

TP4-20

stoneware

ceramic

TP4

na

TP4-21

stoneware

ceramic

TP4

na

TP4-22

arrowpoint

iron

TP4

150 bt

TP5-1

nail

iron

TP5

na

TP7-1

nail

iron

TP7

TP7-2

nail

iron

TP7

TP7-3

nail

iron

TP7

TP7-4

nail

iron

TP7

TP7-5

blue bead

glass

TP7

96 bt

TP7-6

nail

iron

TP7

95 bt

TP7-7

EW sherd

ceramic

TP7

107 bt

TP7-8

2 nails

iron

TP7

110 bt

TP7-9

sherd

glass

TP7

89 bt

TP7-10

nail

iron

TP7

99 bt

TP7-11

nail

iron

TP7

93 bt

TP7-12

nail

iron

TP7

93 bt

TP7-13

nail

iron

TP7

93 bt

TP7-14

nail

iron

TP7

93 bt

TP7-15

large nail

iron

TP7

80 bt

TP7-16

9 nails

iron

TP7

na

end of 2013 Hart Chalet Field Catalog

Hare Harbor 1 (EdBt-3) 2013 Field Catalog

field # type

1 nail

2 nail

3 nail

4 nail

5 nail

6 nail

7 nail

8 nail

9 graphite? lump

10 baleen

11 nail

12 nail

13 knife blade

14 gun part?

15 nail

16 nail

17 flint flake

18 earthenware

19 nail

20 nail

21 nail

22 fragment

23 nail

24 nail

25 nail

26 nail

27 nail

28 nail

29 nail

30 EW vessel

31 knife handle

32 nail

1 nail

2 nail

3 stoneware

4 bead

5 stoneware

6 nail

7 nail

8 pot frag.

9 nail
10 nail

material

prov unit

cm b.d.

iron

2S/2W

130 bt

iron

2S/2W

135 t

iron

2S/2W

130 bt

iron

2S/2W

127 bt

iron

2S/2W

134 bt

iron

2S/2W

132 bt

iron

2S/2W

140 bt

iron

2S/2W

146 bt

graphite? L 2S/2W

145 bt

baleen

2S/2W

130 bt

iron

2S/2W

140 bt

iron

2S/2W

148 bt

iron

2S/2W

148 bt

iron

2S/2W

na

iron

2S/2W

156 bt

iron

2S/2W

156 bt

flint

2S/2W

138 bt

ceramic

2S/2W

138 bt

iron

2S/2W

135 bt

iron

2S/2W

135

iron

2S/2W

135 bt

glass

2S/2W

138 bt

iron

2S/2W

138 bt

iron

2S/2W

138 bt

iron

2S/2W

138 bt

iron

2S/2W

138 bt

iron

2S/2W

138 bt

iron

2S/2W

135 bt

iron

2S/2W

138 bt

ceramic

2S/2W

160 bt

iron

2S/2W

160 bt

iron

2S/2W

na

iron

4S/2W

na

iron

4S/2W

na

ceramic

4S/2W

na

glass

4S/2W

na

ceramic

4S/2W

na

iron

4S/2W

na

iron

4S/2W

135 bt

iron

4S/2W

135 bt

iron

4S/2W

133 bt

iron

4S/2W

133 bt

notes

not collected

porringer?

collared bowl

oval blue-striped white bead

11 whale bone

whale

4S/2W

135 bt

rotted, not collected

12 cooking pot rim

soapstone 4S/2W

140 bt

13 nail

iron

4S/2W

1361 bt

14 stoneware

ceramic

4S/2W

138 bt

15 nail

iron

4S/2W

na

16 nail

iron

4S/2W

136 bt

17 nail

iron

4S/2W

138 bt

18 nail

iron

4S/2W

140 bt

19 nail

iron

45/2 W

140 bt

20 glass

glass

4S/2W

136 bt

21 spike

iron

4S/2W

127 bt

22 EW ware

ceramic

45/2 W

138 bt

23 nail

iron

4S/2W

135 bt

24 nail

iron

4S/2W

140 bt

25 fire stone

flint

45/2 W

140 bt

26 nail

iron

4S/2W

149 bt

27 nail

iron

4S/2W

118 bt

28 green glass

glass

4S/2W

144 bt

29 pipestem

ceramic

4S/2W

150 bt

30 baleen strip

whale

4S/2W

150 bt

31 nail

iron

4S/2W

145 bt

stemware base with

32 glass frag

glass

4S/2W

170 bt

folded rim

33 nail

iron

4S/2W

185 bt

34 pipe bowl

ceramic

4S/2W

200 belo'

fluted bowl décor

35 stoneware

ceramic

4S/2W

155 bt

36 EW ware

ceramic

45/2 W

155 bt

37 nail

iron

4S/2W

157 bt

38 nail

iron

4S/2W

157 bt

39 stoneware

ceramic

4S/2W

150 bt

40 nail

iron

4S/2W

150 bt

41 blue seed bead

glass

4S/2W

165 bt

42 nail

iron

4S/2W

165 bt

43 stoneware

ceramic

4S/2W

168 bt

45

46 green-blue glass

glass

4S/2W

169 bt

1 nail

iron

0S/8W

na

2 abrader

pumice

na

taken to DC for analysi

3 stemware frag

greenish

na

4 latch or bolt?

iron

na

semi-circular x-section

5 metal piece

iron

na

crescent shape

6 nail

iron

na

7 nail

iron

na

8 EW sherd

ceramic

na

2 pieces

9 nail

iron

na

10 EW sherd

ceramic

112

11 EW rimsherd

ceramic

103

12 nail

iron

116 2 pieces

13 nail

iron

119 clenched

14 EW sherd

ceramic

120

15 nail

ceramic

120

16 nodule

flint

121

17 EW sherd

ceramic

133

18 EW sherd

ceramic

127

19 EW sherd

ceramic

126

20 EW sherd

ceramic

129 two pieces, tan/pink

21 EW sherd

ceramic

123

22 fragments

iron

not illustrated

sheet iron with

23 sheet

iron

na

adhereing charcoal

24 EW sherd

ceramic

119

25 EW rimsherd

ceramic

128

26 white glaze spall

ceramic

124

27 chips

flint

134 6 pieces

2 pieces of yellow
glazed ceramic (like
blacksmith shop

28 EW sherd

ceramic

128 sherds?)

29 EW sherds

ceramic

130 8 pieces

lead sprue? Plano-

30 button-like'

lead

122 convex xio-section

31 EW sherd

ceramic

122 vertical position

32 nail

iron

123

33 nail

iron

123

34 nail, small

iron

124

35 EW sherd

ceramic

na

36 EW sherd

ceramic

na

37 EW sherd

ceramic

na

38 burned bird bones

bone

na

39 EW sherd

ceramic

120

40 EW sherd

ceramic

128

41 nail

iron

115

42 nail

iron

115

44 charcoal sample

charcoal

na

1 spike

iron 0S/10W

132

2 spike

iron

122

3 file

iron

125

4 nail

iron

125

5 fire-start

flint

160

6 spike

iron

104

7 nail

iron

132

white glaze on both

8 EW sherd

ceramic

132 sides, 2 pieces

9 EW rim sherds

ceramic

123 3 pieces

10 EW rim sherds

ceramic

136 3 pieces

11 EW sherd

ceramic

131 white glaze

12 frags

iron

128 2 pieces

13 EW sherds

ceramic

139 probably part of #9,10

14 EW rim sherd

ceramic

140 part of #9, 10?

yellow glazed, part of

15 EW rim sherd

ceramic

140 0S/8W plate?

17 EW sherd

ceramic

128 yellow glazed

1 nail

iron 2S/10W

116 clenched

2 knife handle?

iron

114 iron strap or knife, with hole

3 nail

iron

116

4 nail

iron

116

5 nail

iron

119 top of brown hearth sand

6 nail

iron

119

7 spike

iron

122

8 fragment

iron

117

9 spike

iron

122

10 grindstone frag

stone

130 fits #28

11 nail

iron

130

12 leather

leather

109 in turf; modern

13 charocal or coal

coal?

14 nail

iron

135

15 nail

iron

131

16 greenish glass

glass

137 with bubbles

17 EW sherd

ceramic

135 yellow glaze

18 sherd

ceramic

145 tan paste, grey exterior

19 nail

iron

124

20 nail

iron

124

21 charcoal sample

charcoal

120

22 knife handle?

iron

116 2 pieces, two rivet holes

23 nail

iron

116

24 fire spall

flint

123

25 EW sherds

ceramic

123 white glaze, 4 pieces

26 nail

iron

122

27 nail

iron

123

28 grindstone frag

stone

125 fits #10

29 fire spall

flint

125

30 nail

iron

120 in hearth

31 nail

iron

120

32 nail

iron

123

33 nail

iron

123

34 nail

iron

116

35 EW

ceramic

130 yellow glaze

36 EW sherds

ceramic

127 7 pieces yellow glazed EW

37 nail

iron

124

38 nail

iron

122

39 nail

iron

135

40 nail

iron

127

41 fire spall

flint

135

42 nail

iron

137

43 EW sherd

ceramic

132

44 nail

iron

129

45 knife blade?

iron

130

46 fragment

iron

136

47 nail

iron

127

48 EW sherd

ceramic

135 white glaze

49 EW bowl rim

ceramic

127 2 pieces

50 nail

iron

145

51 gunflint

flint

143

52 EW sherde

ceramic

125

53 spike

iron

139

54 fire spall

flint

na

3 flakes

se of deposit just above

55 EW sherd

ceramic

148 sterile peat

56 nail

iron

141

57 nail

iron

143

58 nail

iron

143

59 fire spall

flint

na

60 nail

iron

na

61 EW rim sherd

ceramic

141 white glaze, cup?

62 nail

iron

143

64 fire spall

flint

143

1 sherd

glass 4S/8W

na

thin, greenish, bubbles

2 EW sherd

ceramic

fits #3

3 EW sherd

ceramic

fits #2

4 nail

iron

137

5 EW sherd

ceramic

139

6 EW sherd

ceramic

138

7 EW sherd

ceramic

130

8 EW sherd

ceramic

125

9 spike

iron

116

10 EW sherd

ceramic

129

11 baleen strip

whale

129

12 EW sherd

ceramic

141

13 EW sherd

ceramic

136

14 EW sherd

ceramic

131

15 EW sherd

ceramic

136

16 EW sherd

ceramic

137 2 pieces

17 EW sherds

ceramic

130 6 pieces

18 EW sherd

ceramic

132

19 porringer sherd

ceramic

136

white glaze

20 EW cup sherds

ceramic

135

not traced

21 EW sherds

ceramic

132

22 EW rim sherd

ceramic

131

narrow mouth jar

23 EW rim sherd

ceramic

135

24 EW body sherd

ceramic

133

25 EW body sherd

ceramic

133

thick wall

26 EW body sherd

ceramic

136

27 fire starter

flint

135

28 EW sherd

ceramic

134

yellow-green glaze

29 nail

iron

133

30 spike

iron

130

31 spike

iron

130

32 baleen strip

whale

131

2 short pieces

33 baleen strip

whale

131

21 vessel frags, possibly

35 EW sherds ceramic 135 same vessel as #20

Salmon Bay River sod houses

1 sherd ceramic

sod blue transfer print fragment

A ppen dix *>:

are )” arbour - î 2015
_ nderwater
/\rtifact (bLatalo
E^riic phaneu

Hare-Harbour 1

EdBt-3

Artifact catalog
2013

Date

2 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-1
Hors contexte
Ceramic

Terre cuite
commune,
glaçure verdâtre,
pâte beige
inclusion de
moins de 1 mm
de sable rouge

Sac nol

3 août
2013

3 août
2013

3 août
2013

EdE3t3-C3-4

PM

Ceramic
Cat. Num
EdBt3-2013-
C3-4.1

EdBt3-C3-4

Ceramic

Terre cuite
commune,
fragment
d’écuelle
similaire à la
poignée de celle
de Vincent en
2012- exemple
similaire à Red-
Bay

Sac no 36

Terre cuite
commune sans
glaçure
Sac no 4

EdBt3-C3-4

PM

Ceramic

Terre cuite
commune
couleur beige
avec glaçure
jaune-verte mais
maintenant noir
Sac no 4

3 août
2013

3 août
2013

3 août
2013

3 août
2013

3 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Ceramic

EdBt-3-C3-4

AM

Glass

Edbt3-C3-4

AM

Ceramic

EdBt3-C3-4

PM

Ceramics

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Ceramic

Terre cuite
commune pâte
orange avec
glaçure orange
Sac no 3

Fragment de
verre d’environ
1mm

d’épaisseur
légèrement
courbé
Sac no. 10

Terre cuite
commune avec
pâte orange
avec glaçure
incolore.
Présence de
l’anse complète
Sac no. 2

Fragments de
céramiques.
Deux fragments
de terre cuite
commune de
pâte orangée
dont une anse et
un fragment
avec glaçure
noire
Sac no.4

Fragment de
céramique d’un
rebord. Pâte
orangée
Sac no.5

3 août

2013

EdBt3-C3-3
Roof tile

Fragment de
tuile de toile.

Terre cuite
commune, pâte
orangée

Non gardée

•,v.v.

3 août

2013

EdBt3-C3-4

PM

Lead Shot

Petite balle de
plomb

No.6

0,6 cm

1 ? » | | BHj

^ ™

3 août

2013

EdBt3-C3-4
Walnut Shell

Fragment d’une
noix de grenoble
Non gardée

înÊ^i,

Si • , ^ ,i -j

3 août

2013

EdBt3-C3-4

PM

Fragment de
braie

No.7

3 août

2013

EdBt3-C3-4

PM

Ceramics

Fragment de
céramique avec
pâte orangée et
glaçure verdâtre
Sac no.9

V i

P

mmm

3 août

2013

EdBt3-C3-4

PM

Chertz

Fragment de
silex retouché

Sac no.8

/' r 1 1 r i Iff l|Éf ^ i i M|tt|

• •

171

3 août

2013

EdBt3-C3-4

PM

Ceramics

Fragment de
céramique avec
pâte orangée
avec glaçure
orangée sur
l’une des faces.
Sac no. 4

_ . rjrn

4 août

2013

EdBt3-C3-4

AM

Ceramics

Fragment de
céramique de
terre cuite
commune à pâte
orangée avec
glaçure incolore
sur la surface
intérieure.

Pourrait recoller

avec un
fragment
retrouvé en C3-3
le 3 août 2013

H§

Sac no. 11

4 août

2013

EdBt3-C3-4

AM

Ceramics

Fragment de
céramique de
terre cuite
commune à pâte
orangée.

Aucune trace de
glaçure.

Présence de
trace de tour à
l’intérieure.
Présence du
début du fond du
contenant

Sac no.11

172

4 août
2013

4 août
2013

4 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-4

AM

Ceramics

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Ceramics

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Ceramics

Fragment de
céramique de
terre cuite
commune avec
pâte orangée.
Glaçure incolore
sur la face
extérieure.

Sac no.11

Fragment d’un
goulot avec
début d’épaule.
Probablement
avec une anse.
Terre cuite
commune beige
avec glaçure
orangée à
l’extérieure. Pas
de glaçure à
l’intérieur

Sac no. 12

Fragment de
terre cuite
commune sans
glaçure.

Sac no. 12

1/5

4 août
2013

4 août
2013

4 août
2013

4 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Ceramics

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Lead Shots
and drops

EdBt3-C3-4

AM

Lead Shots

EdBt3-C3-4

AM

Ceramics

Fragment de
terre cuite
commune avec
pâte beige-
grisâtre avec
glaçure orangée
sur la face
extérieure

Sac no. 12

3 petites balles
de plombs et
trois gouttes de
plombs

Sac no. 13
0,6 et 0,64 cm

Petites balles de
plombs

Sac no.14
0,6 et 0,58 cm

Fragment de
terre cuite
commune avec
pâte saumonée
et glaçure noire
sur la face
extérieure

Sac no. 11

4 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Wooden

Bead

Perle de bois
14,3 x 9,8mm.
Probablement
perle de rosaire.
Trou, 0,27 cm
Unique sur le
site

Sac no. 15

4 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Ceramics

Fragment de
terre cuite
commune à pâte
orangée.

Glaçure incolore
sur la face
intérieure et
présence d’une
étoile gravée
dans la pâte sur
la face
extérieure.

Sac no. 16

4 août
2013

4 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Ceramic

Fragment de
rebord d’une
terre cuite
commune de
pâte orangée.
Aucune trace de
glaçure

Sac no.16

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Ceramic

Fragment de
terre cuite
commune avec
pâte beige.
Glacurée noire
avec possibilité
d’engobe jaune-
verdâtre

Sac no. 16

4 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Ceramic

Fragment de
terre cuite
commune avec
pâte beige sans
glaçure

Sac no. 16

4 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Ceramics

Deux petits
fragments de
terre cuite
commune de
pâte orangée
sans glaçure

4 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Ceramics

Sac no. 16

Fragment de
terre cuite
commune de
pâte orangée
avec faces
noircies

4 août
2013

Sac no. 16

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Ceramic

Fragment de
terre cuite
grisâtre avec
glaçure verdâtre
sur l’une des
faces

4 août
2013

Sac no. 16

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Ceramic

Fragment de
terre cuite
commune
grisâtre sans
glaçure ou
engobe

4 août
2013

Sac no. 16

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Ceramic

Fragment de
terre cuite avec
pâte saumonée
avec glaçure
brunâtre et
possibilité
d’engobe ?

Sac no. 16

4 août
2013

4 août
2013

4 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Ceramic

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Ceramic

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Glass

Quatre
fragments de
terre cuite
commune
brunâtre sans
glaçure.
Présence du
rebord

Sac no. 16

Deux fragment
de terre cuite
commune
brunâtre avec
glaçure incolore
sur l’extérieure.
Les pièces
collent
ensemble.
Présence de
l’anse

Sac no. 16

Fragment de
verre

Sac no. 17

4 août
2013

4 août
2013

4 août
2013

4 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Fémur et

vertèbre

d’oiseau

Bones

Sac no. 18

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Balle de plomb

Lead shot

Sac no. 19
0,95 cm

EdBt3-C3-4

PM

Ceramics

Fragment de
terre cuite
commune de
pâte orangée
avec glaçure et
engobe.

Début d’une
anse

Sac no. 21

EdBt3-C3-4

PM

Ceramic
Cat. Num
EdBt3-2013-
C3-4.1

Fragment de
terre cuite
commune d’une
écuelle.
Semblable à la
pièce retrouvée
le 3 août et une
pièce retrouvée
en 2012

Sac no.36

4 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-4

PM

Ceramics

Petit fragment
de céramique de
terre cuite
commune de
pâte orangée
avec glaçure
verdâtre sur
l’une des faces

Sac no.21

4 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-4

PM

Bones

Ossement bulbe
occipital d’un
mammifère

Sac no. 20

4 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Ceramics

Terre cuite
commune de
pâte beige avec
giaçure et
engobe noircie
sur la face
externe

Sac no. 16

4 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Bones

Ossement
Sac no. 18

7 . , -

'79

4 août
2013

EdBt-C3-3

PM

Leather

Fragments de
cuir

Non gardé

4 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Whale Bone

Vertèbre de
baleine

%W. B .

4 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-4

PM

Bone

Ossement

d’oiseau

Sac no. 20

1 50

4 août
2013

5 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-4

PM

Pièce de bois
travaillée

Wooden stick

?

EdBt3-C3-4

PM

Ceramic

Fragment de
terre cuite
commune avec
pâte beige-
orangée.

Glaçure et
engobe à
l’intérieur
d’aspect grosser

5 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-4

PM

Ceramics

Sac no.22 _

Deux fragments
de céramique se
recollant. Terre
cuite commune
avec pâte
orangée.

Glaçure verdâtre
sur la face
intérieure.

Aspect noirci à
l’extérieur

5 août EdBt3-C3-4

2013 PM

Ceramic

Sac no.22 _

Fragment de
terre cuite
commune avec
pâte beige.

Partie de la
panse et du fond

Sac no.22

5 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-4

PM

Ceramics

Trois fragments
de céramiques
se recollant.

Pâte beige-
brunâtre. Noircis
sur la surface
extérieure

Sac no.22

5 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-4

PM

Ceramic

Fragment de
céramique avec
pâte beige-
brunâtre noircie
sur la surface
extérieure

Sac no.22

5 août
2013

5 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-4

PM

Ceramic

EdBt3-C3-4

PM

Ceramics

Fragment de
céramique avec
pâte beige-
brunâtre. Une
des faces est
noircie, et l’autre
couverte d’une
glaçure verdâtre

Sac no.22
Fragments de
céramique
pouvant provenir
du même objet.
Pièces du
rebords. Pâte
saumonée avec
glaçure
verdâtre-noire
sur les deux
faces

Sac no.22

5 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-4

PM

Ceramic

Fragment de
céramique du
rebord et début
d’un bec ? Pâte
saumonée avec
glaçure

orangée-noirâtre
sur les deux
faces

Sac no.22

5 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-4

PM

Ceramic

Fragment de
terre cuite
commune avec
pâte brunâtre
d’aspect noirci à
l’extérieur

Sac no.22

p£|

_

___

I 82

5 août
2013

5 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-4

PM

Ceramic

EdBt3-C3-4

PM

Ceramic

Petit fragment
de terre cuite
avec glaçure et
engobe bleutée
avec une face
noircie

Sac no.22

Petit fragment
de terre cuite
commune avec
pâte grisâtre.
Glaçure orangée
sur l’une des
faces

Sac no.22

5 août
2013

5 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-4

PM

Ceramic
Cat. Num
EdBt3-2013-
C3-4.1

EdBt3-C3-4

PM

Whale Bone

Fragment
d’écuelle
recollant avec
un fragment
retrouvée en C3-
4 le 4 août 2013

Sac no.36

Vertèbre de
baleine

9?

5 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-4

PM

Bones

Ossements

d’oiseaux

Sac no.23

5 août
2013

5 août
2013

5 août
2013

5 août
2013

5 août
2013

5 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-4

PM

Walnut Shell

EdBt3-C3-4
PM

EdBt3-C3-4

PM

Lead Shot
and Lead
Piece

EdBt3-C3-4

PM

Wood Plug

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Ceramic

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Ceramic

Coquille de noix
Non gardé

Braie
Sac no. 25

Petite balle de
plomb et
languette de
plomb travaillée

Sac no. 24
0,56 cm

Fosset pour baril
Sac no.28

Fragment de
marmite basque
avec décoration

Sac no.26

Fragment de
céramique de
terre cuite
commune avec
pâte orangée
avec glaçure sur
la face intérieure

Sac no. 26

J.

MH

■ -Xiù-C

i <34

5 août

2013

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Ceramic

Fragment de
terre cuite

commune avec
pâte orangée
sans glaçure à
l’exception d’une
petite bande

Sac no.26

^BÈKÊËÊÈBttBÊÊUtÈBttt£*~

,

'

5 août

2013

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Ceramic

Fragment de
céramique
brunâtre avec
glaçure

grossière sur les
deux faces

Sac no.26

*

5 août

2013

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Ceramic

Fragment de
terre cuite

commune avec
pâte orangée
sans glaçure

Sac no. 26

5 août

2013

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Ceramic

Petit fragment
de terre cuite

commune avec
pâte grisâtre
avec une petite
bande de
glaçure orangée
sur l’une des
faces

Sac no. 26

^f

5 août

2013

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Ceramic

Fragmente de
terre cuite

commune avec
pâte saumonée.
Noirci avec
glaçure à
l’intérieure et
glaçure orangée
à l’extérieur

— - -

Sac no. 26

5 août
2013

5 août
2013

5 août
2013

5 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Ceramic

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Wooden

Piece

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Walnut shell

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Leather Shoe

Fragment de
terre cuite
commune avec
pâte beige.
Glaçure orangée
sur l’une des
faces

Sac no. 26
Pièce de bois
travaillée

Coquille de noix
Non-gardée

Soulier de cuir
Non gardé

6 août
2013

6 août
2013

6 août
2013

6 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Ceramic

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Ceramic

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Ceramic

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Ceramic

Fragment de
terre cuite
commune avec
pâte beige sans
glaçure sur la
face externe.
Glaçure sur la
face interne

Sac no. 29

Fragment de
terre cuite
commune avec
pâte grise-
brune. Sans
glaçure. Surface
noircie à
l’extérieur

Sac no.29

Fragment de
terre cuite
commune avec
pâte beige avec
glaçure noirâtre
sur l’une des
faces

Sac no. 29

Fragment de
terre cuite
commune avec
pâte beige sans
glaçure

Sac no. 29

6 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Ceramic

Fragment de
terre cuite
commune avec
pâte beige
grisâtre avec
début d’anse.

6 août EdBt3-C3

2013 AM

Ceramic

Sac no.29

-3

Fragment de
terre cuite
commune de
pâte brunâtre
avec glaçure sur
la face externe

6 août
2013

Sac no. 29

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Ceramic

Terre cuite
commune avec
glaçure verdâtre
sur l’une des
faces

Sac no. 29

6 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Ossements

d’oiseaux

Bones

Sac no. 30

6 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-3

Am

Pièces de bois

Wooden

Piece

Sac no. 98

1 88

6 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-4

AM

Walnut Shell

Coquille de noix
Non gardé

6 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-4

AM

Lead shot

Chevrotine de
plomb
Sac no. 31
0,56 cm

6 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-4

AM

Bones

Ossements
Sac no. 32

6 août EdBt3-C3-4

2013 PM

Lead shots

Chevrotine de
plomb et petite
balle

Sac no. 34
0,56 cm et 0,96
cm

6 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-4

AM

Lusterware
ceramic
Cat. Num
EdBt3-2013-
C3-4.1

Fragments de
l’écuelle avec
partie du fond.
Recolle avec
portions
retrouvées
précédemment

6 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-4

AM

Ceramics

Sac no. 35

Quatre
fragments de
terre cuite
commune avec
pâte saumonée.
Glaçure noire
sur l’une des
face.

6 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-4

AM

Ceramic

Sac no. 35 _

Fragment de
céramique avec
pâte grise.
Glaçure brunâtre
sur la face
intérieure

6 août
2013

Sac no. 35

EdBt3-C3-4

AM

Ceramic

Fragment de
terre cuite
commune avec
pâte saumonée.
Glaçure
grossière
brunâtre à
l’intérieure
Sac no. 35

6 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-4

AM

Ceramic

Fragment d’anse
avec pâte
d’apparence
« sandwich »
avec glaçure
brune sur
l’extérieure

6 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-4

AM

Ceramic

Sac no. 35
Deux fragments
de terre cuite
commune
complètement
noircis

Sac no. 35

6 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-4

AM

Ceramic

Fragment de
terre cuite
commune avec
pâte grisâtre.

Sac no. 35

j s>o

6 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-4

AM

Nail

Concretion

Concrétions de
clous

Sac no. 102

6 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-4

AM

Ceramic

Fragment de
terre cuite
commune
grisâtre avec
glaçure verdâtre
sur l’une des
faces

Sac no. 35

6 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-4

AM

Ceramic

Fragment de
terre cuite
commune avec
pâte orangée
sans glaçure

Sac no. 35

6 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Ceramic

Fragment de
terre cuite
commune beige
sans glaçure.
Décors de lignes
horizontales à
l’extérieur

Sac no. 37

6 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Ceramic

Fragment de
terre cuite
commune de
pâte orangée
avec glaçure

Sac no. 37

6 août
2013

6 août
2013

6 août
2013

6 août
2013

6 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Ceramics

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Glass

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Birds and
Fish Bones

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Wood

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Metal

Petits fragments
de terre cuite
commune

Sac no. 37

Deux fragments
de verres
noirâtres

Sac no. 38

Ossements
d’oiseaux et de
poissons

Sac no. 39

Pièce de bois
Sac no. 101

Pièce de métal
Sac no.40

6 août
2013

6 août
2013

6 août
2013

6 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Ceramic

Edbt3-C3-3

PM

Lead Shot

EdBt3-C3-4

PM

Chertz

EdBt3-C3-4

Bones

Fragment de
terre cuite
commune avec
pâte beige.
Glaçure
grossière à
l’intérieure

Sac no. 37
Petite balle de
plomb
Sac no. 41
0,5 cm

Fragments de

silex

Sac no. 44

Ossements
Sac no. 43

6 août

2013

EdBt3-C3-4

Ceramics

Fragment de
céramique avec
pâte grise sans
glaçure

Sac no.42

—--»-

■

7 août

2013

EdBt3-C3-3

Am

Bones

Ossements

d’oiseaux

1,2 cm trou 0,3
cm

Sac no. 45

* Vl\

|WW»

7 août

2013

EdBt3-C3-3

Am

Bead

Perle d’ivoire

Sac no. 46

'S

---

7 août

2013

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Ceramic

Fragment de
terre cuite

commune avec
pâte beige et
glaçure verdâtre
sur l’une des
faces

Sac no. 47

less.

'•-y. :■ ’.V " 1 . ...

7 août

2013

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Ceramic

Fragment de
terre cuite
commande.

Anse

Sac no., 47

■r

7 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Ceramic

Fragment de
terre cuite
commune avec
pâte grise sans
glaçure.

Sac no. 47

7 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Ceramic

Fragment de
terre cuite
commune avec
pâte orangée

Sac no. 47

*

7 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-3

Am

Coquille de
noix/fruit

Nut shell

Non gardé

7 août
2013

7 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Wooden

Piece

Pièce de bois
12 cm de long,
1,2 par 2 cm de
largeur, pointe
biseauté
Bas non
conservé
Sac no. 99

EdBt3-C3-3

Am

Pièce et balle de
plomb

Lead Shot
and piece

Sac no. 48
0,57 cm

7 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-3 Soulier de cuir
PM

Non gardé

Leather Shoe

7 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Balle de
mousquet

".V.V.

Musket Shot

Sac no. 49
2,09 cm de
diamètre

7 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Ossements

d’oiseaux

Birds Bones

Sac no. 50

7 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Ceramics

Fragments de
céramiques dont
deux recollant
ensemble.

Pâte saumonée
avec glaçure et
engobe

verdâtre/orangé
sur l’une des
faces (intérieure)

Sac no. 51

7 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Ceramic

Fragment de
terre cuite
commune
d’anse

Sac no. 51

(Mil

_

7 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Ceramic

Fragment de
terre cuite
commune avec
pâte grise.
Engobe et
glaçure orangée
sur l’une des
faces

Sac no. 51

7 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Ceramic

Fragment de
terre cuite
commune
complètement
noirci

Sac no.51

*

7 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Ceramic

Fragment de
terre cuite
commune sans
glaçure. Pâte
brunâtre

Sac no. 51

7 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Ceramic

Fragment de
terre cuite
commune
brune-grisâtre
sans glaçure

Sac no.51

7 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Ceramics

5 fragments de
céramique avec
pâte

d’apparence
« sandwich ».
Faïence

présentant deux
type de pâte,
une saumonée
et l’autre beige-
jaune.

Engobe et
glaçure donnant
apparence
bleutée

Sac no.51

9 août
2013

9 août
2013

9 août
2013

9 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-4

AM

Ceramic

EdBt3-C3-4
Lead Shot

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Piece of wood

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Nut shell

Fragment de
terre cuite
commune avec
pâte beige-
saumonée.
Engobe et
glaçure noircie
sur l’une des
faces

Sac no.53

Plomb

Sac no. 54

Pièce de baquet

et coin 9cm par
3,2 cm à son
plus large

Sac no.55

Coquille de noix
Non gardé

] 99

9 août
2013

9 août
2013

9 août
2013

9 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Birds,

mammal and
fish bones

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Ropes

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Ceramics

Ossements
d’oiseaux, de
mammifères et
de poissons

Sac no. 56

Bonde de
tonneau

Corde
Non gardé

Fragments de
terre cuite
commune avec
pâte brunâtre.
Surface
extérieure
noircie.
Possiblement
même objet.
Quelques
fragments de
bord.

Gouttes de

M 1

200

9 août
2013

9 août
2013

9 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Ceramic

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Ceramic

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Ceramic

glaçure sur le
plus gros tesson
(en haut à
gauche)

Sac no. 57 _

Fragment d’anse
avec pâte
brunâtre. Pas de
glaçure ni
d’engobe

Sac no.57

Fragment d’anse
avec pâte
grisâtre. Pas de
glaçure ni
d’engobe

Sac no.57

Fragment de
terre cuite
commune,
possiblement
près du rebords

Sac no.57

20 i

9 août

2013

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Ceramic

Fragments de
terre cuite

commune avec
pâte brune.
Glaçure noire
sur les deux
faces

Sac no. 57

mm

9 août

2013

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Ceramic

Terre cuite

commune avec
pâte avec
aspect
«sandwich».
Engobe et
glaçure bleutée.
Décoration
peinte sur la
face interne.
Possiblement
même objet que
fragments
récupérés le 7
août (sac no.51)

Sa cno.57

'

.

'wmmm ■

■BH.:iMM!

9 août

2013

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Ceramic

Petit fragment
de terre cuite
avec engobe et
glaçure bleutée.
Possible faïence
0,67 cm d’épais

Sac no.57

■

9 août

2013

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Ceramic

Petit fragment
de terre cuite

commune avec
glaçure orangée
sur les deux
faces

Sac no.57

.

K

9 août

2013

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Ceramic

Fragments de
terre cuite

commune avec
pâte orangée et
glaçure sur l’une
des faces

Sac no.57

v« tu

-SiS ■ -mmmm i

202

9 août
2013

9 août
2013

9 août
2013

9 août
2013

9 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Ceramic

EdBt3-C3-3

Am

Ceramic

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Ceramics

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Ceramics

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Leather shoe

Fragment de
terre cuite
commune avec
pâte beige sans
glaçure

No.57

Fragment de
rebord avec pâte
grisâtre. Glaçure
sur l’une des
face et coulisse
sur l’autre

No.57

Fragments de
terre cuite
commune avec
pâte orangée et
glaçure sur l’une
des faces

Sac no.57

Fragment de
terre cuite
commune
noircis sur les
deux faces

Sac no.57

Fragment de
chaussure de
cuir

Non-gardé

9 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Coin pour
tonneau

Wooden

piece

Non gardé

9 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Fragment de
plomb

Lead

9 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Ossements

d’oiseaux

Birds Bones

Sac no. 59

9 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Pièce de bois à
usage inconnu

Unknown
piece of wood

Sac no. 60

-—

9 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Coin pour
cerceau de
tonneau
8 cm de long, 1
cm d’épaisseur
à la pointe

Sac no. 100

I

9 août
2013

9 août
2013

9 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Ceramics

Fragments de
céramique dont
deux recollent
ensemble avec
pâte orangée et
glaçure sur la
face intérieure

Épaisseur
variant de 0,6 à
0,4 cm
Sac no. 61

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Ceramics

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Walnut Shell

Fragment de
terre cuite avec
pâte à aspect
« sandwich »
avec engobe et
glaçure bleutée.
Fragment
similaire en AM
et au 7 août
2013

Sac no.61

Coquille de noix
Non gardée

ZOJ

9 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Ceramics

Fragment de
terre cuite
commune avec
fragments de
rebords sans
glaçure. Pâte
brunâtre

Sac no.61

9 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Ceramics

Fragment de
terre cuite
commune avec
pâte brunâtre et
glaçure sur l’une
des faces

9 août
2013

Sac no.61

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Ceramics

Fragments
divers d’anse de
contenant en
terre cuite
commune.

Une seule
présente une
glaçure à
l’intérieur (en
haut à gauche)

Sac no.61

m

10 août EdBt3-C3-3

2013 AM

Ceramics

Fragment de
terre cuite
commune avec
pâte orangée et
glaçure sur l’une
des faces

Sac no. 62

10 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Ceramics

Deux fragments
de céramique
avec pâte brune
sans glaçure.
Une des faces
noircie

: i

Sac no.62

10 août

2013

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Ossements

d’oiseaux

Birds Bones

Sac no.63

207

11 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-4

AM

Birds Bones

Ossement

d’oiseau

Sac no.65

y

■w

11 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-4

AM

Ceramics

Fragments de
terre cuite

commune avec
pâte beige-
saumonée.
Glaçure bleutée
sur l’une des
faces

Sac no.64

SHHj

wmËÊÊÈÈmÊÊBKÊMgBKÊ

11 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-4

AM

Ceramic

Fragment

d’écuelle,

possiblement

autre individu

que fragments

retrouvés

précédemments

Sac no.64

y

11 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-4

AM

Ceramic

Fragment de
terre cuite

commune avec
pâte brune et
une des faces
noircies

gBt

11 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-4

AM

Chertz

Fragment de
silex

Sac no.66

208

11 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Bones

Ossements
d’oiseaux et de
mammifères

Sac no.68

:0M

11 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Leather band

Bande de cuir
Non gardée

11 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Walnut shell

Coquilles de
noix

Non gardées

11 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Ceramic

Fragment de
terre cuite
commune avec
pâte brune.
Glaçure
grossière sur la
face intérieure et
glaçure noire-
verdâtre a
l’extérieur

Sac no.67

109

11 août
2013

11 août
2013

11 août
20123

11 août
2013

11 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Ceramics

Edbt3-C3-3

AM

Ceramics

Edbt3-C3-3

AM

Ceramics

EdBt3-C3-3

Chertz

EdBt-3

C3-3

ceramic

Fragments de
terre cuite
commune
noircis

Sac no.67

Fragments de
terre cuite
commune
orangées avec
glaçure sur l’une
des faces

Sac no.67

Petit fragment
de terre cuite
avec pâte
saumonée

Sac no.67

Fragment de
silex

Sac no.69

Faïence à pâte
saumonée avec
décor peint à la
main, lignes
bleues

entrecroisées
avec points

Sac no. 67

ZIO

12 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-5

AM

Birds Bones

Ossements

d’oiseaux

Sac no.71

ëh#

12 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-5

AM

Lead Shot

Balles et gouttes
de plomb

Sac no. 72

JU

12 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-5

AM

Ceramics

Fragments de
terre cuite
commune,
possiblement
jarre à olive.
Possiblement
même objet

Sac no. 70

JB

*Sk

VVW«! ^

12 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-5

AM

Ceramics

Fragment de
terre cuite

commune

d’anse avec
pâte orangée.
Sans glaçure

Sac no.70

_ _ _..... ;

Æk

"W"

-rr

21 i

12 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-5

AM

Ceramics

Fragments de
terre cuite

commune avec
glaçure noirâtre
sur l’une des
faces

Sac no.70

12 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-5

AM

Ceramics

Fragment de
terre cuite

commune sans
glaçure. Pâte
brunâtre

Sac no.70

•4 «4

rm H PW5

12 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Caribou

Antlers

Bois de caribou

12 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Glass Bead

Perle de verre

Sac no.74

«

PHjjj}

12 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Walnut Shell

Coquille de noix

Non gardé

»

WÊÊjm :

rint

2 i 2

12 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-3

Am

Bones

Ossements
Sac no. 75

12 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Porindger

Handle

Anse pour
écuelle

Sac no. 73

12 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Marmits

Ceramic

Fragment de
marmite avec
bande
décorative

Sac no.73

■■ - SjEv' 1 ...

12 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Ceramics

Fragments de
terre cuite avec
glaçure verdâtre
sur l’une des
faces

Sac no.73

12 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Ceramics

Fragment de
terre cuite
commune de
rebord avec pâte
orangée et
glaçure

Sac no.73

H

2 1 5

12 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Ceramics

Fragments de
terre cuite

commune avec

surface noircies

Sac no.73

ESPÎi

aÊÊjml

fmarli

12 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Ceramics

Fragments de
terre cuite

commune

noircis sur les
deux faces

Sac no.73

SS

12 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Ceramic

Fragment de
terre cuite

commune avec
pâte brune sans
glaçure

Sac no.76

12 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Ceramics

Fragment de
terre cuite sans
glaçure, pâte
beige beige

Sac no.76

f

Cj.

12 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Ceramics

Fragment de
faience allant
avec autres

pièces

récupérées dans
C3-3

Sac no.76

m

12 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Ceramic

Fragment de
rebord avec
anse de terre
cuite commune

Sac no.76

. ■ i‘»i ■■■....

2 14

12 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Ceramic

Fragment

d’écuelle

recollant avec

fragments

retrouvés

précédemment

Sac no.76

12 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-3

Pm

Beads

Perle de verre
ou d’ivoire

Sac no. 78

12 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Bones

Ossements
d’oiseaux (tête,
tarso-

métatarse...)
Sac no. 77

12 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-5

PM

Leads Shots

Petites balles et
gouttes de
plomb

Sac no. 81

21 ?

12 août EdBt3-C3-5

2013 PM

Birds and
Mammals
Bones

Ossements
d’oiseaux et de
mammifères

Sac no.80

12 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-5

PM

Coquille de noix
et de fruits

Walnut and
fruit shell

Non gardé

12 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-5

PM

Ceramics

Fragment de
céramique avec
pâte beige avec
glaçure jaunâtre
à l’intérieure,
trace de coulisse
à l’extérieur.
Début de l’anse

12 août EdBt3-C3

2013 PM

Ceramic

Sac no. 79

-5

Fragment de
fond de
contenant de
terre cuite
commune avec
pâte brunâtre.
Trace de glaçure
à l’intérieur

Sac no.79

12 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-5

PM

Ceramics

Fragment de
terre cuite
commune avec
glaçure noircie
sur l’une des
faces
Sac no.79

12 août EdBt3-C3-5

2013 PM

Ceramic

Fragment de
terre cuite
commune sans
glaçure et pâte
brunâtre.
Fragment d’anse

Sac no.79

12 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-5

PM

Ceramics

Fragments de
terre cuite
commune avec
pâte orangée et
glaçure

Sac no.79

12 août EdBt3-C3

2013 Pm

Ceramic

-5

Fragment de
terre cuite
commune avec
pâte orangée
sans glaçure

Sac no.79

12 août EdBt3-C3-5

2013 PM

Ceramics

Fragments de
terre cuite
commune avec
pâte brunâtre se
recollant
ensemble

Sac no.79

~W

217

13 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-5 Ossements

AM d’oiseaux et de

mammifères

Bones

Sac no.82

13 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-5

AM

Ceramic

Fragment de
terre cuite
commune avec
pâte orangée
sans glaçure

Sac no.83

13 août EdBt3-C3-5

2013 Am

Ceramics

Fragment de
terre cuite
commune
noircis sans
glaçure

Sac no.83

13 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-5

Am

Ceramics

Deux fragments
de terre cuite
commune avec
pâte brunâtre.
Pas de glaçure à
l’exception de
gouttes
verdâtres
dispersées

Sac no,83

13 août

EdBt3-C3-3

Ossements de

2013

Am

poissons et

d’oiseaux

Birds and

Fish Bones

Sac no.84

2 I 8

13 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-3

Am

Ceramic

Fragments de
terre cuite
commune avec
pâte brune sans
glaçure

Sac no.85

13 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Ceramic

Fragment de
terre cuite avec
glaçure noircie
sur l’une des
faces

Sac no.85

13 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-3

AM

Ceramic

Fragment de
rebord de terre
cuite commune
avec pâte beige-
brunâtre

Sac no.85

13 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-3

Am

Ceramic

Fragment de
terre cuite
commune avec
pâte saumonée

Sac no.85

13 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-5

PM

Ossements

Bones

Sac no.86

119

13 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-5

PM

Lead

Languette de
plomb

Sac no. 88

13 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-5

PM

Chertz

Fragments de
silex

Sac no.89

13 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-5

PM

Ceramics

Fragment de
terre cuite
commune avec
pâte orangée
sans glaçure

Sac no.. 87

13 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-5

PM

Ceramics

Fragment de
terre cuite
noircis sans
glaçure

Sac no.. 87

13 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-5

PM

Ceramics

Fragment de
terre cuite avec
une surface
avec glaçure
noircie

Sac no.. 87

220

13 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-3

Pm

Bones

Ossements de
poissons et
oiseaux

Sac no. 90

13 août EdBt3-C3

2013 PM

Ceramics

-3

Deux fragments
de terre cuite
commune avec
pâte orangée et
glaçure sur l’une
des faces

Sac no.. 92

13 août EdE3t3-C3-3

2013 PM

Ceramics

Fragment de
marmite avec
bande
décorative

Sac no. 92

22 i

13 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Ceramics

Fragment de
terre cuite
commune avec
pâte brune sans
glaçure

Sac no.. 92

13 août
2013

13 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Ceramics

Fragment de
terre cuite
commune avec
pâte saumonée
et glaçure sur
l’une des faces

Sac no.. 92

EdBt3-C3-3

PM

Chertz

Fragment de
silex

Sac no. 93

14 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-5

AM

Ceramics

Fragments de
terre cuite
commune avec
pâte brune
foncée sans
glaçure.
Fragment de
rebord

Sac no. 94

14 août
2013

EdBt3-C3-5

Am

Lead Shot

Balles de
plombs

Sac no. 95

222

/\ppendix

(3stéoth eque deM ontréa
I abratom j aunal Ana

By O - -

US IS

aire 5t-G ermain

225

Université de Montréal
Département d’anthropologie
Ostéothèque de Montréal, Inc.
C.P. 6128 Suce. Centre-Ville
Montréal Québec
H3C 3J7

ANALYSE DES RESTES FAUNIQUES
DU SITE PETIT MÉCATINA 3 /HARE HARBOR 1 (EdBt-3),
BASSE-CÔTE-NORD, QUÉBEC, CANADA
(SAISONS DE FOUILLES 2003 À 2012)

ET

RAPPORT SYNTHÈSE DES SAISONS DE FOUILLES 2001À 2012

Rapport réalisé pour Anja Herzog (Université Laval) et
William Fitzhugh (Smithsonian Institution)

Rapport no 298
Mars 2014

© Ostéothèque de Montréal 2014

224 -

Fiche signalétique

2

Code Borden : EdBt-3

Nom du site : Petit Mécatina 3 / Hare Harbor 1
Localisation du site : Basse-Côte-Nord
Région 9, Côte-Nord

Périodes temporelles : occupation basque (post 1550); occupation inuit et/ou française
(post 1650 à 1740)

Affiliation culturelle : Européenne et/ou Inuit (historique)

Nombre de restes analysés = 429

Nombre de restes ichtyens brièvement examinés = 17 662 1

1 Les restes ichtyens ont été sommairement examinés sans compilation. Les effectifs proviennent du fichier
de l'inventaire des restes fauniques fourni par Anja Herzog.

Ostéothèque de Montréal, Inc. Rapport no 298
22 /?

3

Avant-propos

Les restes squelettiques ont été identifiés par
Claire St-Germain à l’aide de la collection de référence
de l'Ostéothèque de Montréal Inc., sise dans les locaux du
département d’anthropologie de l’Université de Montréal.

Les restes ichtyens ont été examinés par Michelle Courtemanche.

La compilation des données et la rédaction de l’analyse
ont été réalisées par Claire St-Germain.

Michelle Courtemanche a collaboré à la révision du rapport.

En vertu des droits d'auteur, aucune modification à ce texte ne doit être apportée sans

le consentement des auteurs.

Dans le cas où les données du présent rapport seraient utilisées (publication,
communication...), le crédit du travail doit être attribué aux auteurs et référencé dans

le texte et la bibliographie.

Référence à citer :

Ostéothèque de Montréal, Inc. 2014. Analyse des restes fauniques du site Petit Mécatina 3/Hare Harbor 1
(EdBt-3), Basse-Côte-Nord, Québec, Canada (saisons de fouilles 2003 à 2012) et Rapport synthèse des
saisons de fouilles 2001 à 2012. Auteur : Claire St-Germain. Rapport inédit no 298 réalisé pour Anja
Herzog et William Fitzhugh.

Ostéothèque de Montréal, Inc. Rapport no 298

PRÉSENTATION

4

Ce rapport présente les données de l'analyse des restes squelettiques du site Petit
Mécatina 3 / Hare Harbor 1 (EdBt-3) sur la Basse-Côte-Nord de la Province du Québec.
Le site se localise sur la côte est de l’île du Petit Mécatina, sur la rive nord-est d’une
petite baie nommée l’anse de Petit Mécatina, entre Harrington Harbor et Tête-à-la-
Baleine. Deux périodes chronologiques ont été reconnues sur le site : une occupation
associée aux Basques et à des pêcheurs français au tournant du XVIle siècle (post 1550,
probablement fin XVIe siècle et première moitié du XVIle siècle); une occupation inuite
et/ou européenne (française) au tournant du XVIIle siècle (post 1650 à 1740 maximum).
Des structures inuites ont également été repérées sur le site (surplomb rocheux).

Le rapport est subdivisé en deux parties.

La première partie présente les résultats de l'analyse faunique des 429 restes squelettiques
de mammifères et d'oiseaux provenant en majorité des contextes subaquatiques des
années de fouilles 2011 et 2012, mais également de 2007 et 2008, de même que quelques
unités des fouilles terrestres des années 2003 et 2008 à 2012 (Aires 1, 3, 3 Nord, 7 et 8)
(rapport no 298 2014). Ces restes ont fait l'objet d'une analyse complète (déterminations
zoologiques et anatomiques, et relevé des traces). La section contient également les
résultats de l'examen sommaire des 17 662 restes ichtyens.

La deuxième partie du rapport est consacrée à la synthèse des deux analyses fauniques
réalisées à ce jour pour le site Petit Mécatina, soit la présente étude (2014) et celle
effectuée en 2011 (Ostéothèque de Montréal, rapport no 284), pour un nombre total de
1414 restes fauniques (n= 985 en 2011 et n= 429 en 2014). L'analyse de cette partie
comporte une compilation des taxons par contexte (terrestre et subaquatiques), une
quantification des principaux taxons à l’aide du nombre minimal d’individus (NMI) et de
la représentation squelettique, ainsi qu’une discussion sur les indices de saisonnalité des

Ostéothèque de Montréal, Inc. Rapport no 298

22 /

5

captures. Ces restes fauniques correspondent à l’échantillon complet de mammifères et
d’oiseaux récolté sur le site.

Toutes les données primaires ont été inscrites sur les fiches d’identification de
l’Ostéothèque de Montréal, Inc. (déterminations zoologiques et anatomiques, localisation
squelettique, latéralité des pièces anatomiques et informations d’ordre taphonomique —
altérations et traces). Elles ont été saisies à l’aide de fichiers Excel conçus suivant le
modèle des fiches d’identification de l'Ostéothèque. La quantification des ossements et
des pièces anatomiques par taxon a été réalisée grâce au décompte des restes osseux (NR

T • •

et NRD) . Lorsque les pièces anatomiques présentes le permettaient, l’évaluation de la
contribution relative des taxons a aussi été estimée par le calcul du nombre minimal
d’individus de fréquence (NMI) .

Les codes utilisés pour l’enregistrement des informations sont présentés dans l'Annexe 2
du rapport; les fiches d’identification sont présentées dans l'Annexe 3. Enfin, les noms
latins des espèces animales n’apparaissent qu’une fois dans le rapport, soit dans le texte,
soit dans les tableaux.

Les résultats de l’examen sommaire des restes ichtyens sont présentés dans l'Annexe 1.

: NR= nombre de restes et NRD= nombre de restes déterminés par taxon.

3 Le NMI a été estimé principalement pour les taxons les plus importants selon le nombre de restes; cette
estimation est présentée dans la deuxième partie du rapport.

Ostéothèque de Montréal, Inc. Rapport no 298

128

6

Nota bene :

Pour le site à l'étude , les catégories de grosseur correspondent aux tailles suivantes :

* Gros Mammifères : taille caribou, orignal, ours, phoque de grande taille, morse

* Mammifères moyens-gros : porc, phoque de taille moyenne

* Gros Oiseaux : taille oie, cormoran, goéland de grande taille

* Oiseaux moyens-gros : taille goéland, gros canard

* Oiseaux moyens : taille canard, guillemot, tétraoninés

Ostéothèque de Montréal, Inc. Rapport no 298

22 9

7

Catégories taxinomiques pour le site EdBt-3

Mammifères

Mammifères marins Incluent Cétacés, Odobénidés (morse) et Phocidés (phoque spp.)

Cétacés

Comprends Odontocètes (Cétacés à dents) et Mysticètes (Cétacés à

fanons)

Carnivores

Incluent carnivores terrestres et marins

Artiodactyles

Comprend Cervidés, Bovidés (bœuf, mouton et chèvre) et Suidés

Cervidés

Comprends caribou des bois, cerf de Virginie, orignal

Suidés

Comprends sanglier et porc domestique

Oiseaux

Gaviidés

Famille des plongeons

Anatidés

Comprend cygne spp., Ansérinés (oie spp.) et canards

Ansérinés

Comprends oies sauvages et oie domestique ( Anser anser)

Canards

Comprends canards barboteurs et canards plongeurs (sous-famille

Anatinés)

Canards barboteurs Comprends les canards barboteurs sauvages et le canard

domestique

Phasianidés

Comprend dinde spp., Tétraoninés (espèces autochtones) et

Phasianinés (espèces introduites par les Européens)

Tétraoninés

Comprend lagopède des saules ( Lagopus lagopus), tétras du Canada

(Fa/cipennis canadensis) et gélinotte huppée ( Bonasa umbellus)

Phasianinés

Comprends poulet domestique ( Gallus gallus) et faisan de colchide

(Phasianus colchicus)

Charadriiformes

Comprends bécasseaux, pluviers et Laridés

Laridés

Comprends Larinés (goéland spp. et mouette spp.), Sterninés

(sterne spp.) et Alcinés (guillemot spp.)

Ostéothèque de Montréal, Inc. Rapport no 298

250

• Mammifères marins : dont trois probablement baleine (Cétacés) (dont une côte? et
une vertèbre?) et deux probablement Phocidés (os long et bulle tympanique);

• Gros Mammifères : la plupart Phocidés ou Mammifères marins; un fragment
indéterminé Mammifères marins taille morse (carpe ou tarse?) ou Cervidés
(patella?);

• Mammifères moyens-gros : côte porc ou Phocidés;

• Mammifères indéterminés : dont huit peut-être Phocidés (fibula, carpe ou tarse,
crâne?);

• Gros Oiseaux : phalanges, vertèbres, côtes, sternum, bréchet et os longs dont
plusieurs peut-être Laridés ou Ansérinés; une phalange proximale pelvienne
appartient à un jeu volatile, probablement un Anatidé;

• Oiseaux moyens-gros : dont une diaphyse d'os long (fémur de canard?) d'un
oisillon, quatre phalanges proximales pelviennes et une phalange pelvienne;

• Oiseaux moyens : phalange moyenne pelvienne;

• Oiseaux indéterminés : dont fragments de crâne, bréchet et sternum;

• Catégories Indéterminés oiseaux ou petits mammifères, Indéterminés oiseaux ou
mammifères et Classe indéterminée.

— Taux de détermination : 79 % (NRD= 337/429 restes déterminés à un taxon inférieur à
la Classe animale c.-à-d. à l'ordre, à la famille, au genre ou à l'espèce) 4 .

4 Les catégories Mammifères marins et Mammifères terrestres sont exclues.

Osléothèque de Montréal, Inc. Rapport no 298

252

PREMIÈRE PARTIE

8

RÉSULTATS 2014 (Mammifères et Oiseaux)

EdBt-3

NR examinés = 429 (379 frais, 50 brûlés)

COMPOSITION DE LA FAUNE

— Deux classes animales : les Oiseaux (NR= 298; 70 %) et les Mammifères (NR= 121;
28 %).

— Autres restes attribués aux catégories Indéterminés Oiseaux/petits Mammifères (NR^
3) et Indéterminés Oiseaux/Mammifères (NR= 2), et à la Classe indéterminée (NR= 5)
(Tableau 1).

— Vingt-quatre taxons déterminés (dont cinq espèces mammal iennes) présents dans
l'assemblage : treize taxons aviaires et onze taxons mammal iens. Toutes classes
confondues, les taxons déterminés sont par ordre d'importance numérique : Larinés
(NRD= 135), Laridés (NRD= 43), Tétraoninés (NRD= 29), Cétacés (NRD= 22), Alcinés
(NRD= 16), Phocidés et porc domestique (NRD= 13 respectivement), canards
indéterminés (NRD= 12), Ansérinés (NRD= I 1), renard spp. (NRD= 8), Anatidés (NRD=
7), Phasianinés, Artiodactyles et porc-épic d’Amérique (NRD= 4 respectivement), phoque
du Groenland et Suidés (NRD= 3 respectivement), Phasianidés et canards barboteurs
(NRD= 2 respectivement) et, plongeon spp., cormoran spp., Charadriiformes
(probablement pluviers), Cervidés, caribou des bois et boeuf domestique (NRD= 1
respectivement).

Ostéothèque de Montréal, Inc. Rapport no 298

2^1

10

Les restes ichtvens

L’examen sommaire des nombreux restes de poissons a révélé la présence quasi
exclusive de Gadidés, probablement la morue franche (Gadus morhua). Des individus de
taille variable ont été repérés, soit des petites et des grosses morues. En ce qui a trait à la
représentation squelettique, les restes proviennent principalement de la tête, mais aussi du
rachis (vertèbres).

Deux vertèbres se distinguent du lot : elles appartiendraient vraisemblablement à du
requin (EdBt-3 : 1626, sondage B-2, contextes subaquatiques). 11 pourrait s’agir d’une
petite espèce de requin i.e. Aiguillât spp.

La liste des unités examinées est présentée dans l’Annexe 1.

Ostéothèque de Montréal, Inc. Rapport no 298

255

Tableau 1 Liste de faune du site EdBt-3 (par ordre taxinomique) (2014)

Taxon

Nom latin

Code

N RT

%

Oiseaux

298

69,5 %

Plongeon spp.

Gaviidae

gavd

1

Cormoran spp.

Phalacrocoracidae

pliad

1

Anatidés

Anatidae

an ad

7

Ansérinés

Anserinae

ansn

11

Canards barboteurs

Anatinae

an an

2

Canards indéterminés

ani

12

Phasianidés

Phasianidae

phsd

2

Phasianinés

Phasianinae

phsn

4

Tétraoninés

Tetraoninae

tetn

29

Charadriiformes

Charadriiforma

chaf

1

Laridés

Laridae

lard

43

Larinés

Larinae

larn

135

Alcinés

Alcinae

alcn

16

Gros Oiseaux

ogr

19

Oiseaux moyens-gros

omg

7

Oiseaux moyens

omy

1

Oiseaux indéterminés

io

7

Mammifères

121

28,2 %

Porc-épic d'Amérique

Erethizon dorsatum

ed

4

Cétacés

Cetacea

ce

22

Renard spp.

ren

8

Phocidés

Phocidae

Ph

13

Phoque du Groenland

Pagophilus groenlandicus

Pg

3

Artiodactyles

Artiodactyla

ar

4

Cervidés

Cervidae

cr

1

Caribou des bois

Rangifer tarandus caribou

rt

1

Boeuf domestique

Bos taurus

bt

1

Suidés

Suidae

suid

3

Porc domestique

Sus scrofa

ssd

13

Mammifères marins

mmm

6

Gros Mammifères

mgr

21

Mammifères moyens-gros

mmg

1

Mammifères indéterminés

mi

20

Indéterminés

10

2,3 %

Ind. oiseaux/petits mammifères

iopm

3

Ind. oiseaux/mammifères

iom

2

Classe indéterminée

i

5

Total

429

100,0 %

Ostéothèque de Montréal, Inc. Rapport no 298

ÉTAT DE LA COLLECTION DU SITE EdBt-3 (2014)

12

Restes brûlés

— Les restes squelettiques qui présentent les stigmates de leur passage au feu (noircis ou
entièrement calcinés — colonne COLLB) se retrouvent exclusivement dans les unités des
fouilles terrestres. Ce sont : un fragment de sternum de gros oiseaux (Laridés?) (Aire 8,
EdBt-3:6526), huit fragments de gros Mammifères (Aire 3, EdBt-3:2144) et six
fragments de mammifères indéterminés (crâne de phocidés?) (Aire 3 Nord, EdBt-
3:2053).

— Les autres restes squelettiques inscrits dans la colonne des os brûlés (n= 35) sont
entièrement blanchis. Ils ont probablement tous été altérés par la combustion, mais il n'est
pas exclu que leur état résulte de l’action combinée de la caléfaction et des intempéries
(altération par les facteurs climatiques). Ces restes (huit os de phocidés, un os de
mammifères marins, neuf restes de gros mammifères, 14 os de mammifères indéterminés
et trois restes de la classe indéterminée) proviennent de l'Aire 3 (EdBt-3:2144) et de
l’Aire 3 Nord (EdBt-3:2053).

Restes à l’état frais

—- Tous les autres restes ne présentent aucune trace apparente d’altération par la
combustion (colonne COLL — écrus ou à l’état frais). Quelques-uns d’entre eux ont été
altérés par une exposition aux intempéries (intempérisation) (écaillés, craquelés ou
émoussés). Ces restes squelettiques proviennent pour la plupart du site terrestre.

— En ce qui concerne les contextes subaquatiques, les principales altérations observées
consistent en plages d'érosion (principalement aux extrémités des os longs d'oiseaux), ou
encore, en surface externe en partie piquetée ou poreuse. Cet état pourrait résulter d’une
altération due à leur séjour dans l’eau du fleuve. Malgré tout, les restes provenant des
fouilles subaquatiques sont en excellent état de conservation (comme en témoigne le taux
de détermination très élevé).

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13

— Chez les oiseaux, la porosité des os, particulièrement aux extrémités des os longs, est
une indication de la présence de jeunes volatiles. Certains os d’oiseaux des contextes
subaquatiques montraient une telle porosité. Toutefois, leur séjour dans l’eau du fleuve
pourrait avoir altéré leur texture créant ainsi la fausse impression d’os d’oisillons. La
présence de jeunes volatiles n’est malgré tout pas à exclure.

Ostéothèque de Montréal, Inc. Rapport no 298

17)6

TRACES (EdBt-3) (2014) 5

14

— De nombreuses traces de dépeçage ont été observées sur les restes squelettiques de la
collection analysée en 2014. Elles consistent en traces de coupe, en fractures
anthropiques avec ou sans traces d'impact, en traces de hache/couperet, en traces fines
(fine découpe, désarticulation ou décarnisation), en marques d'outils, ou encore, en
fractures en spirale (os fracturé à l'état frais). Un tibia de porc des contextes
subaquatiques a été coupé ou scié. Ces marques témoignent du débitage, de l'apprêt et de
la consommation des différentes espèces répertoriées.

— La très grande majorité des traces de découpe proviennent des contextes
subaquatiques . Elles ont été repérées avant tout sur de nombreux os d'oiseaux (Larinés et
Laridés, Alcinés, Anatidés, canards barboteurs et canards, Ansérinés et Tétraoninés),
mais également sur des os de porc domestique et de Suidés, d'Artiodactyles, de Cétacés,
de renard et de boeuf domestique.

— Éléments anatomiques d’Oiseaux avec traces de dépeçage :

• Larinés : humérus, coracoïde, scapula, fémur, tibiotarse, tarsométatarse,
sternum, furculum, mandibule et coxal;

• Laridés : crâne, coracoïde, furculum, tibiotarse et vertèbre cervicale;

• Alcinés : sternum, fémur, tibiotarse et coracoïde;

• Anatidés : coracoïde, humérus, fémur et tibiotarse;

• Canards barboteurs et canards : synsacrum, sternum, coracoïde, humérus,
fémur, tibiotarse et tarsométatarse;

• Ansérinés : humérus, fémur, tarsométatarse et furculum;

• Tétraoninés : fémur, tibiotarse, humérus et coracoïde;

• Phasianidés : humérus;

• Cormoran spp. : crâne.

5 Seules les traces observées sur des restes déterminés sont discutées.

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15

— Un sternum de Larinés montre sept traces fines (marques d'outils) de chaque côté du
bréchet (détachement de la chair de la poitrine); deux perforations avec excroissances
osseuses sur le sternum correspondent probablement à des pathologies.

— Le crâne de Cormoran spp. a peut-être été coupé rostralement de manière à couper le
bec (mâchoires absentes).

— Trois os de Larinés (crâne, sternum et ulna) présentent tous une perforation ronde.
Dans le cas du crâne (sur le frontal) et du sternum (au milieu du bréchet), elles pourraient
correspondre à des trous de chevrotine. La perforation sur le sternum est partiellement
refermée. La perforation sur l'ulna pourrait avoir été causée par des vers marins.

— Eléments anatomiques de Mammifères avec traces de dépeçage :

• Porc domestique et Suidés : coxal, fémur, tibia, humérus et atlas;

• Cétacés : os long, phalange, carpe et indéterminé;

• Renard : coxal, tibia et vertèbre thoracique;

® Artiodactyles : côte, vertèbre, os long;

• Boeuf domestique : pubis.

— En ce qui concerne les os de Cétacés des contextes subaquatiques, ils proviennent
presque tous du membre thoracique {flipper ) : phalanges, os longs (probablement
phalanges) et un carpe. Plusieurs de ces os ont probablement été coupés et deux
phalanges portent des marques d'outils (traces de hache/couperet). Deux fragments d'os
longs (phalanges de très grosses baleines?) exhibent plusieurs coups transversaux (et dans
un cas, également longitudinaux) qui ont permis de trancher l'os près d'une extrémité
articulaire. Un autre fragment d'os long de Cétacés a été tranché transversalement.

Ostéothèque de Montréal, Inc. Rapport no 298

16

— Un fragment indéterminé de Cétacés (probablement un os long) apparaît avoir été
coupé sur trois faces (EdBt-3:1452). Une longue perforation circulaire traversant l’os de
bord en bord pourrait correspondre à une perforation culturelle.

— Un tibia gauche de porc domestique et sa fibula montrent une pathologie marquée.
Les deux os exposent une fracture majeure ressoudée qui a causé une enflure bien visible
de la diaphyse.

— Très peu de traces de découpe ont été observées sur les restes provenant des fouilles
terrestres .

— Un fragment de côte de Cétacés (baleine de grande taille) présente deux traces de
hache/couperet sur une face (Aire 7).

— Un fragment indéterminé de Cétacés (une côte?) est probablement ouvragé : ses deux
extrémités présentent des biseaux arrondis (aménagés en pointe?) et au moins une de ses
surfaces est aplanie (EdBt-3:5155 Aire 7). La pièce osseuse est globalement très
émoussée.

Ostéothèque de Montréal, Inc. Rapport no 298

SYNTHÈSE DES RÉSULTA TS

17

Dans cette section, nous présentons une synthèse qui combine les résultats des deux
analyses fauniques du site Petit Mécatina (Ostéothèque de Montréal, rapport no 284,
2011 et le présent rapport) (NRT= 1414; 593 écrus, 821 blanchis). Les résultats sont
présentés sous forme de tableaux : un tableau général et deux tableaux qui distinguent
l'assemblage faunique du site terrestre de celui des contextes subaquatiques. Les
quantifications à l'aide du nombre minimal d'individus (NMI) et à l’aide de la
représentation squelettique sont effectuées pour les quatre principaux taxons (selon
l'importance numérique). Le rapport se termine par une discussion sur les indices de
saisonnalité des captures.

Rappelons que les restes squelettiques analysés en 201 1 provenaient du site terrestre
(Aires 1, 2, 3, 6 et proximité du surplomb rocheux) et des contextes subaquatiques
(fouilles principalement années 2006 et 2007, mais également 2001, 2003, 2004 et 2005)
(NRT= 985; 214 écrus, 771 blanchis). Les restes squelettiques du présent rapport
proviennent principalement des fouilles subaquatiques (années 2011 et 2012, quelques
unités de 2007 et de 2008) et de quelques unités du site terrestre (fouilles 2003, 2008 à
2012) (Aire 1, 3, 3 Nord, 7 et 8) (NRT=429; 379 écrus, 50 blanchis).

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240

COMPOSITION DE LA FAUNE DU SITE

18

— Deux classes animales : les Mammifères (NR= 948; 67 %) et les Oiseaux (NR= 452;
32 %).

— Autres restes attribués aux catégories Indéterminés Oiseaux/petits Mammifères (NR=
3) et Indéterminés Oiseaux/Mammifères (NR= 2), et à la Classe indéterminée (NR= 9)
(Tableau 2).

— Taux de détermination pour l'ensemble du site: 41 % (NRD= 578/1414 restes
déterminés à un taxon inférieur à la Classe animale c.-à-d. à l’ordre, à la famille, au genre
ou à l’espèce) 6 .

6 Les catégories Mammifères marins et Mammifères terrestres sont exclues.

Ostéothèque de Montréal, Inc. Rapport no 298

2T1

19

Tableau 2 Liste de faune du site EdBt-3 (oar ordre taxinomique) (2011 et 2014) (1/2)

Taxon

Nom latin

NRT

2011

NRT

2014

NRT

%

Oiseaux 154

298

452

32 °/«

Plongeon spp.

Gaviidae

1

1

Cormoran spp.

Phalacrocoracidae

1

1

2

Anatidés

Anatidae

4

7

11

Ansérinés

Anserinae

9

11

20

Canards barboteurs

Analinea

2

2

Canards indéterminés

1

12

13

Phasianidés

Phasianidae

1

2

3

Phasianinés

Phasianinae

1

4

5

Tétraoninés

Tetraoninae

29

29

Charadriiformes

Charadriiforma

1

1

Laridés

Laridae

35

43

78

Larinés

Larinae

135

135

Alcinés

Alcinae

40

16

56

Grand corbeau

Corvus corax

2

2

Gros Oiseaux

4

19

23

Oiseaux moyens-gros

7

7

14

Oiseaux moyens

15

1

16

Oiseaux indéterminés

34

7

41

Mammifères 827

121

948

67 °A

Porc-épic d'Amérique

Erethizon dors at um

4

4

Cétacés

Cetacea

22

22

Carnivores

Carnivora

6

6

Renard spp.

1

8

9

Phocidés

Phocidae

130

13

143

Phoque du Groenland

Pagophilus groenlandicus

3

3

Artiodactyles

Artiodactyla

3

4

7

Cervidés

Cervidae

2

1

3

Caribou des bois

Rangifer tarandus caribou

1

1

2

Bœuf domestique

Bos taurus

1

1

Suidés

Suidae

4

3

7

Porc domestique

Sus scrofa

13

13

Mammifères marins

47

6

53

Mammifères terrestres

2

2

Gros Mammifères

64

21

85

Mammifères moyens/gros

1

1

Mammifères indéterminés

567

20

587

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242

Fouilles subaauatiaues

Tableau 4 Liste de faune du site EdBt-3 (par ordre taxinomique) (2011 et 2014)
(contextes subaquatiques)

Taxon

Nom latin

N RT

%

Oiseaux

451

85,6 %

Plongeon spp.

Gaviidae

1

Cormoran spp.

Phalacrocoracidae

2

Anatidés

Anatidae

1 1

Ansérinés

Anserinae

20

Canards barboteurs

Anatinea

2

Canards indéterminés

13

Phasianidés

Phasianidae

3

Phasianinés

Phasianinae

5

Tétraoninés

Tetraoninae

29

Charadriiformes

Charadriiforma

1

Laridés

Laridae

78

Larinés

Larinae

135

Alcinés

Alcinae

56

Grand corbeau

Corvus corax

2

Gros Oiseaux

22

Oiseaux moyens-gros

14

Oiseaux moyens

16

Oiseaux indéterminés

41

Mammifères

65

12,3 %

Porc-épic d'Amérique

Erethizon dorsatum

4

Cétacés

Cetacea

17

Renard spp.

9

Phocidés

Phocidae

3

Artiodactyles

Artiodactyla

5

Cervidés

Cervidae

1

Bœuf domestique

Bos taunts

1

Suidés

Suidae

7

Porc domestique

Sus scrofa

13

Mammifères marins

2

Mammifères moyens/gros

1

Mammifères indéterminés

2

Indéterminés

11

2,1 %

Indéterminés ois/petits

3

mam

Indéterminés Ois/mam

2

Classe indéterminée

6

Total

527

100 %

1 seul os blanchi (mi) dans contextes subaquatiques.

Ostéothèque de Montréal, Inc. Rapport no 298

244

Indéterminés

4

10

14

1 %

Indéterminés ois/petits mam

3

3

Indéterminés Ois/mam

2

2

Classe indéterminée

4

5

9

Total

985

429

1414

100 °/

20

Tableau 2 Liste de faune du site EdBt-3 (par ordre taxinomique) (2011 et 2014) (2/2)

COMPOSITION DE LA FAUNE DU SITE PAR CONTEXTE

Site terrestre

Tableau 3 Liste de faune du site EdBt-3 (par ordre taxinomique) (2011 et 2014)
(site terrestre)

Taxon

Nom latin

N RT

%

Oiseaux

1

0,1 %

Gros Oiseaux

1

Mammifères 883

99,5 %

Cétacés

Cetacea

5

Carnivores

Carnivora

6

Phocidés

Phocidae

140

Phoque du Groenland

Pagophilus groenlandicus

3

Artiodactyles

Artiodactyla

2

Cervidés

Cervidae

2

Caribou des bois

Rangifer tarandus caribou

2

Mammifères marins

51

Mammifères terrestres

2

Gros Mammifères

85

Mammifères indéterminés

585

Indéterminés 3

0,3 %

Classe indéterminée

3

Total

887

100 %

Ostéothèque de Montréal, Inc. Rapport no 298

2^5

22

Nombre minimal d’individus (NMI) et représentation squelettique pour les quatre

principaux taxons

Phocidés et phoque du Groenland

— Phocidés NRDt= 143; n= 3 contextes subaquatiques et n= 140 site terrestre

— phoque du Groenland NRDt= 3 site terrestre

— Nombre minimal d’individus total pour le site est de deux (NMI= 2 phoques du
Groenland). Cette estimation pourrait être augmentée à trois individus puisque quelques
éléments anatomiques proviendraient d'un jeune animal (ou sous-adulte).

— Quelques éléments squelettiques de Phocidés pourraient être du Phoque du Groenland.

Représentation squelettique pour les Phocidés et le phoque du Groenland
(NRDt= 146) :

— crânien : NR= 51; 35 % (dont deux et un fragment de bulle tympanique de
phoque du Groenland);

— axial postcrânien : NR= 11 ; 6 %;

— appendiculaire thoracique : NR=21; 14%;

— appendiculaire pelvien : NR= 36; 25 %;

— appendiculaire indéterminé : NR= 27; 19 %.

Ostéothèque de Montréal, Inc. Rapport no 298

23

Larinés et Laridés cf Larinés (contextes subaquatiques uniquement)

— NRDt= 162; n= 135 Larinés et n= 27 Laridés c/'Larinés

— Par les éléments anatomiques, le nombre minimal d’individus est de douze Larinés
(NMI= 12). Les ossements proviennent d'au moins dix oiseaux de la taille du goéland
marin (Larus marinus — anciennement goéland à manteau noir) et d'au moins deux de la
taille du goéland argenté (Larus argentatus).

Toutefois, cette estimation pourrait s’élever à treize (NMI= 13) puisqu’au moins un
Lariné serait de taille intermédiaire entre le goéland argenté et le goéland à bec cerclé
(Larus delawarensis).

De plus, deux ossements (tarsométatarses droit et gauche), et peut-être trois (tibiotarse
droit), proviennent de jeunes oiseaux (de la taille du goéland marin). Le nombre total de
Larinés serait donc de 14 oiseaux (au moins 13 adultes et au moins 1 jeune).

En ajoutant les os de Laridés cf Larinés, l'estimation du nombre d'individus grimpe à 15
(NMI^ 15), dont 14 oiseaux adultes et un jeune.

— Un fragment de mandibule et deux sternums appartiennent fort probablement au
goéland marin.

— Soulignons la présence plausible d'une femelle (os médullaire dans un
tarsométatarse?) 7 .

Représentation squelettique pour les Larinés et Laridés cf Larinés (T4RDt= 162) :

— crânien : NR=29; 18 %;

— axial postcrânien : NR= 15; 9 %;

— appendiculaire thoracique : NR= 56; 35 %;

— appendiculaire pelvien : NR= 62; 38 %.

7 L'os médullaire est un dépôt calcaire qui s'accumule dans la cavité médullaire des os longs des femelles en
prévision de la ponte des oeufs. Chez les espèces sauvages, ces dépôts s'accumulent donc au printemps
avant la ponte.

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24

Laridés (contextes subaquatiques uniquement)

— NRDt = 47

— La plupart des autres restes osseux de Laridés (n= 47) appartiendraient à la sous-
famille des Larinés (goélands/mouettes), probablement à du goéland. Quelques os de
Laridés pourraient appartenir à au moins deux jeunes oiseaux. Ainsi, en combinant les
restes squelettiques de Larinés, de Laridés cf Larinés et de Laridés (probablement
goélands), nous atteignons un nombre minimal de 16 volatiles (NMI= 16), 14 adultes et 2
jeunes.

Représentation squelettique pour les Laridés (NRDt= 47) :

— crânien : NR=11 ; 23 %;

— axial postcrânien : NR= 22; 47 %;

— appendiculaire thoracique : NR= 5; 11 %;

— appendiculaire pelvien : NR= 9; 19 %.

Alcinés et Laridés cf Alcinés (contextes subaquatiques uniquement)

— NRDt= 60; n= 56 Alcinés et n= 4 Laridés cf Alcinés

— Le nombre minimal d’individus est de sept Alcinés (NMI= 7), dont trois seraient de la
taille du guillemot marmette (Uria aalge - anciennement marmette de Troïl), un serait de
taille égale ou supérieure au guillemot marmette et deux seraient des Alcinés de plus
petite taille que ce dernier. Le nombre minimal d'individus s'élève à huit oiseaux en
incluant les Laridés cf Alcinés (NMI= 8).

-— Deux sternums appartiennent fort probablement au guillemot marmette.

Ostéothèque de Montréal, Inc. Rapport no 298

25

Représentation squelettique pour les Alcinés et Laridés ç/'Alcinés (NRDt= 60) :

— crânien : NR= 7; 12 %;

— axial postcrânien : NR= 17; 28 %;

— appendiculaire thoracique : NR= 12; 20 %;

— appendiculaire pelvien : NR= 24; 40 %.

Tétraoninés (contextes subaquatiques uniquement)

— NRDt= 29

— Par les éléments anatomiques, le nombre minimal d’individus est de deux Tétraoninés
de la taille de lagopèdes ou de tétras (NM1= 2). Par la taille des ossements, cette
estimation pourrait s'élever à trois oiseaux puisque plusieurs os appartiennent à du
Tétraoniné de plus grande taille (taille gélinotte huppée).

Représentation squelettique pour les Tétraoninés (NRDt= 29) :

— axial postcrânien : NR= 2; 7 %;

— appendiculaire thoracique : NR=12; 41 %;

— appendiculaire pelvien : NR= 15; 52 %.

Ostéothèque de Montréal, Inc. Rapport no 298

2T8

26

Commentaires supplémentaires

— Anatidés : les restes osseux attribués à cette famille appartiendraient pour la plupart à
du très gros canard ou à de la petite oie. Un tarsométatarse provient de la carcasse d'un
oisillon (jeune oie?). Les os proviennent d'au moins deux individus (NM1= 2).

— Canards barboteurs : les deux os proviennent d'au moins deux oiseaux (NMI= 2) de
grande taille (taille noir ou colvert).

— Canards indéterminés : parmi ces restes, certains proviendraient de canards plongeurs
(harle/macreuse/morillon). Les restes de canards indéterminés proviennent d'au moins
deux volatiles (NMI= 2).

— Ansérinés : les os attribués à cette sous-famille proviennent globalement de volatiles
de grande taille, soit l'oie domestique (trois os), soit l'oie des neiges (Chen caerulescens )
(trois os). Un nombre minimal de trois individus a été estimé (NMI= 3), dont deux oies
des neiges et une oie domestique.

— Phasianinés : un tarsométatarse porteur d'un ergot provient du squelette d'un coq
gracile.

Ostéothèque de Montréal, Inc. Rapport no 298

1+9

27

Commentaires supplémentaires

Liste des taxons pour quelques contextes du site terrestre

Site terrestre (analyse faunique de 2011 - rapport no 284) (contextes Inuit) :

• Phocidés, mammifères marins (phoques ou gros mammifères marins comme
Cétacés ou morse), caribou. Cervidés (caribou?). Artiodactyles, Carnivores,
mammifères terrestres, gros mammifères (Phocidés, mammifères marins,
mammifères terrestres) et mammifères indéterminés.

Site terrestre (analyse faunique de 2014 - rapport no 298) (contextes Basques) :

• Phocidés, phoque du Groenland, Cétacés, mammifères marins (phoques ou
Cétacés), caribou, gros mammifères (Phocidés?), mammifères indéterminés et
gros oiseaux (Laridés?).

Site terrestre :

• Années 2001 à 2004, S-l ( cookhouse ) : Phocidés, mammifères marins (1 :
Phocidés?) et Artiodactyles (caribou?).

» Année 2011, Aire 7 ( charcoal production area ) : Phocidés, phoque du Groenland,
Cétacés, mammifères marins (1 : Phocidés?, 1 : cf Cétacés), caribou et gros
mammifères.

• Année 2012, Aire 8 ( Basque and Inuit midden) : gros oiseaux (Laridés?).

Ostéothèque de Montréal, Inc. Rapport no 298

220

28

8

Indices de saisonnalité des captures

Mammifères

En ce qui concerne les Mammifères sauvages, aucun indice de saisonnalité n’est fourni
par les taxons représentés. Le caribou des bois, les Cervidés 9 , le porc-épic d'Amérique de
même que les renards sont des animaux actifs à l’année qu’il est possible de chasser à
tout moment. Dans l’éventualité d’une capture des renards pour leurs fourrures, la
période favorable se situe en automne alors qu’ils se préparent à l’hiver avec
l’augmentation des propriétés thermiques de leurs poils.

Le Phoque du Groenland a été repéré dans l'assemblage analysé en 2014 (deux individus)
et quelques restes squelettiques de Phocidés pourraient lui être attribués. Cette espèce
présente un comportement saisonnier permettant d’inférer des indices sur la saison de sa
capture. Le phoque du Groenland est présent dans la région à l’étude au cours de deux
périodes : en hiver et au printemps jusqu’à la fonte des glaces, ainsi qu’à la fin de
l’automne et au début de l’hiver 10 . Après la mise bas sur les glaces à la fin du printemps
(fin février à mi-mars), les phoques du Groenland migrent vers leur aire d’alimentation
estivale dans les eaux arctiques * 11 . Ils auraient pu être capturés soit au printemps, soit à
l’automne. Une saison de capture printanière est toutefois appuyée par la présence de
quelques ossements de Phocidés appartenant vraisemblablement à du jeune phoque
(diaphyse d’ulna, métatarse no 1 et côte) (contextes subaquatiques).

8 Cette section est tirée en grande partie de l'analyse effectuée en 2011 (Ostéothèque de Montréal, Inc.
rapport no 284).

9 L’autre espèce de Cervidés qui fréquente la région est l’orignal ( Alces americanus), mais sa densité y
serait toutefois plus faible que dans le sud du Québec.

10 Prescott, J. et P. Richard, 2004. Mammifères du Québec et de l’est du Canada. Waterloo : Éditions
Michel Quintin; Hannah, J. 2005. Pinnipèdes du Canada Atlantique et du nord-est des États-Unis. Rivière-
du-Loup : ROMM.

11 Hannah, J. 2005. Pinnipèdes du Canada Atlantique et du nord-est des États-Unis. Rivière-du-Loup :
ROMM.

Ostéothèque de Montréal, Inc. Rapport no 298

2^1

29

Oiseaux

Quelques taxons aviaires identifiés dans l’assemblage livrent des informations sur la
saisonnalité des captures.

En ce qui a trait aux cormorans, le cormoran à aigrettes (Phalacrocorax auritus) est un
migrateur qui vient nicher dans la région au cours de la période estivale alors que le grand
cormoran (Phalacrocorax carbo) est un nicheur résidant dans le golfe du Saint-Laurent 12 .
La Famille des Anatidés comprend des espèces migratrices : les oies, dont la bernache du
Canada (Brenta canadensis ) et l'oie des neiges, ainsi que plusieurs espèces de canards 1 ".
Tous ces volatiles peuvent être capturés au printemps et à l’automne lors de leurs
déplacements migratoires 14 .

Les plongeons et les pluviers sont des nicheurs migrateurs présents dans la région entre le
printemps et la fin de l’automne. 13

Les Alcinés fréquentent la région de la Côte-Nord lors de leur nidification estivale; ils
quittent la région dès le début de l’automne pour amorcer leur dispersion hivernale 16 .

En ce qui a trait aux Larinés (goélands/mouettes) et des Laridés (probablement Larinés),
les goélands sont surtout des oiseaux nicheurs migrateurs fréquentant la Côte-Nord au
cours de la période estivale, mais ils peuvent également être observés à l’année 17 . La
présence de jeunes oiseaux chez les Larinés (goéland?) et les Laridés (Larinés?), de
même que celle d'une éventuelle femelle Larinés capturée avant la ponte des oeufs
abondent pour une capture printanière de cette ressource.

Les autres volatiles, c.-à-d. le grand corbeau et les Tétraoninés, sont des nicheurs
résidants ou sédentaires 18 .

12 Cyr, A. et J. Larivée, 1995. Atlas saisonnier des oiseaux du Québec. Sherbrooke : Presses de l’Université
Sherbrooke et Société de Loisir Ornithologique de l’Estrie.

13 Cyr, A. et J. Larivée, 1995.

14 Cyr et Larivée, 1995; Peterson, R. T., 2003. Les oiseaux du Québec et de l’est de l’Amérique du Nord.
Ottawa : Broquet.

15 Cyr et Larivée, 1995.

16 Cyr et Larivée, 1995.

17 Cyr et Larivée, 1995; Peterson, 2003.

18 Cyr et Larivée, 1995.

Ostéothèque de Montréal , Inc. Rapport no 298

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30

ANNEXE 1

LISTE DES POISSONS

Ostéothèque de Montréal, Inc. Rapport no 298

2^5

Poissons identifiés (fouilles subaquatiques)

EdBt-3:5509

S B-2(-2)

'P

f

i

i

i

i

2

EdBt-3:5519

S C-O(-l)

gadidés

f

i

i

i

i

1

EdBt-3:5547

S C-O(-l)

morue

cp

ot

X

c

i

1

EdBt-3:6543

D2-1

gadidés

cp-

CO

X

o

i

1

EdBt-3:6544

D2-1

gadidés

f

max

X

c

i

1

EdBt-3:6544

D2-1

morue

cp

max

X

c

g

1

Total

7

Poissons - examen sommaire (fouilles subaquatiques)

EdBt-3:2092

B-4

gadidés

EdBt-3:5501

B-2

gadidés

EdBt-3:1620

B-1

gadidés

EdBt-3:1621

B-l

gadidés

EdBt-3:1622

B-1

gadidés

EdBt-3:1623

(3 sacs)

B-2

gadidés

EdBt-3:1624

B-2

ip

vt

une vertèbre poissons indéterminés = petit
gadidé?

EdBt-3:1625

B-2

gadidés

EdBt-3:1626

B-2

requin?

vt

deux vertèbres possiblement requin

EdBt-3:1627

B-2

gadidés

EdBt-3:1628

B-2

gadidés

EdBt-3:1629

B-2

gadidés

EdBt-3:1631

B-2

gadidés

EdBt-3:1632

B-2

gadidés

EdBt-3:1633

Y-l

gadidés

EdBt-3:1634

Y-l

gadidés

EdBt-3:163 5

Y-l

gadidés

EdBt-3:1635

Y-l

morue

cr

1 "neurocrâne" de morue

EdBt-3:1635

Y-l

ÎP

vt

1 minuscule vertèbre de poissons
indéterminés

EdBt-3:1636

(12 sacs)

Y-l

gadidés

EdBt-3:1636

(12 sacs)

Y-l

ÎP

vt

qqs minuscules vertèbres de poissons
indéterminés

EdBt-3:1637

Y-l

gadidés

EdBt-3:1638

Y-l

gadidés

EdBt-3:1638

Y-l

ip

vt

une vertèbre poissons indéterminés

EdBt-3:1639

Y-l

gadidés

EdBt-3:1640

Y-l

gadidés

EdBt-3:1641

(4 sacs)

Y-l

gadidés

EdBt-3:1642

Z-l

gadidés

Ostéothèque de Montréal, Inc. Rapport no 298

32

EdBt-3:1644

S 2

gadidés

EdBt-3:2090

D-l

gadidés

EdBt-3:2095

B-3

gadidés

EdBt-3:2097

B-3

gadidés

EdBt-3:2098

D-l

gadidés

EdBt-3:2106

B-3

gadidés

EdBt-3:2107

B-3

gadidés

EdBt-3:2115

B-3

gadidés

EdBt-3:21 16

B-3

gadidés

EdBt-3:2117

B-4

gadidés

EdBt-3:211 8

B-4

gadidés

EdBt-3:2122

D-l

gadidés

EdBt-3:2123

D-l

gadidés

EdBt-3:2125

D-l

gadidés

EdBt-3:2131

D-l

gadidés

EdBt-3:5502

B-2(-l)

gadidés

EdBt-3:5515

C-l(-l)

gadidés

EdBt-3:5517

c-H-i)

gadidés

EdBt-3:5521

C-O(-l)

gadidés

EdBt-3:5548

C-l(-l)

gadidés

EdBt-3:5553

B-2

gadidés

EdBt-3:5554

B-2

gadidés

EdBt-3:6530

C-3(-l)

gadidés

EdBt-3:6533

C-3(-l)

gadidés

EdBt-3:6535

D-2(-l)

gadidés

EdBt-3:6537

D2-1

gadidés

EdBt-3:6538

D2-1

gadidés

EdBt-3:6539

D-2(-l)

gadidés

EdBt-3:6545

D2-1

gadidés

EdBt-3:6546

D-2(-l)

gadidés

Ostéothèque de Montréal, Inc. Rapport no 298

33

ANNEXE 2

LISTE DES CODES UTILISÉS

Osléothèque de Montréal, Inc. Rapport no 298

CODES SUR L’INTÉGRITÉ (INTEG)

Les codes pour l’intégrité des restes osseux peuvent être obtenus en combinant les codes
de base suivants :

cp

os complet

cp-

os presque complet

di

diaphyse

ed

épiphyse distale

ep

épiphyse proximale

f

fragment

fca

fragment caudal

fer

fragment crânial

fd

fragment distal

fdd

fragment distal de diaphyse

fdi

fragment de diaphyse

fdo

fragment dorsal

fe

fragment d’épiphyse

fepi

fragment d’épiphyse vertébrale

fia

fragment latéral

flo

fragment longitudinal

fm

fragment mésial

fme

fragment médial

fp

fragment proximal

fpd

fragment proximal de diaphyse

fpo

fragment postérieur

fro

fragment rostral

fve

fragment ventral

Ostéothèque de Montréal, Inc. Rapport no 298

257

SYMBOLES ANATOMIQUES (IDANA)

35

atl

atlas

azt

arcade zygomatique du temporal

bre

bréchet

buty

bulle tympanique

ca

carpe

cal

calcanéus

came

carpométacarpe

car

os carré

cata

carpe ou tarse

CO

côte

cor

coracoïde

cox

os coxal

cr

crâne

cv-vtth

corps vertébral de vertèbre thoracique

de

dentaire

fe

fémur

fi

fibula

fr

os frontal

fur

furculum

hu

humérus

i

indéterminé

il

ilium

man

mandibule

max

maxillaire

mt

métatarse

ol

os long

ot

otolithe

pha

phalange

phad

phalange distale

Ostéothèque de Montréal, Inc. Rapport no 298

158

36

pham

phalange moyenne

phap

phalange proximale

prem

prémaxillaire

pu

pubis

ra

radius

roc

rocher (bulle tympanique)

sca

scapula

ster

sternum (sternèbre)

syns

synsacrum

tal

talus

tamt

tarsométatarse

ti

tibia

tita

tibiotarse

ul

ulna

vt

vertèbre

vtce

vertèbre cervicale

vtcy

vertèbre coccygienne

vtlo

vertèbre lombaire

vtth

vertèbre thoracique

Ostéothèque de Montréal, Inc. Rapport no 298

SYMBOLES DE LA POSITION ANATOMIQUE

37

APAX

P

appendiculaire

X

axial

i

indéterminé

CRTPV

c

crânien

o

postcrânien

i

indéterminé

P

pelvien

t

thoracique

DRGH

d

droit

g

gauche

i

indéterminé

ne s’applique pas

Ostéothèque de Montréal, Inc. Rapport no 298

38

CODES SUR L’ÉTAT DES OS (ALTER)

Marques d’outils et fracture

cp

fr

fra

frs

os coupé

fracture (naturel ou anthropique)
fracture anthropique

fracture en spirale (naturel ou anthropique)

mo

marque d’outil indéterminé

ou

os ouvragé

SC

sc/cp

the

ti

os scié

os scié ou coupé
trace de hache/couperet
trace d’impact

Marques de dents d’animaux

md

mdcv

mdro

marques de dents indéterminées
marques de dents de carnivores
marques de dents de rongeurs

Traces de combustion

bl

blanc (calcination)

CO

combustion

ne

noirci (carbonisation)

Autres altérations

bl

br

os blanchi (intempérisation ou combustion)
bruni (pré-carbonisation ou sol)

cr

craquelures (érosion climatique)

ec

os écaillé (exfoliation par érosion
climatique)

cm

émoussé

ne

os noirci (carbonisation ou sol)

omm

oxydation métallique

pa

pe

rad

tf

pathologie

perforation

radicelles

trace fine (naturelle ou découpe)

w

weathering (érosion climatique ou
intempérisation)

Ostéothèque de Montréal, Inc. Rapport no 298

39

CODES DE LOCALISATION DES ALTÉRATIONS (LOALT)

Les codes pour la localisation des altérations peuvent être obtenus en combinant les codes

de base suivants :

ca

caudalement

cr

crânialement

dia

sur la diaphyse

do

dorsalement

dt

distalement

en

entièrement

et

surface externe

ext

extrémité

i

indéterminé

it

surface interne

la

latéralement

lo

longitudinalement

m

mésialement

me

médialement

pr

proximalement

ro

rostralement

tr

transversalement

ve

ventralement

+

plus d’une localisation ou plus d’une trace

SYMBOLES POUR L’ÂGE

je

jeune

Ostéothèque de Montréal Inc. Rapport no 298

Appendix J:

f^ina I 20 ! ^/\rtifact Aatei

nia M

Site: Hare Harbor 1 / Petit Mécatina 3 LOWER NORTH SHORE 2013 ARTIFACT CATALOG ^

Code Borden: EdBt-3

Fieldwork: 08/2013 Head of Project: William Fitzhugh

Catalog: 05/2014 ___________ Catalog. Anja Herzog

TO

TO

E

0

on

c

0

E

TO

0

h-

o

s s'

O

co'

CO

o'

CD

co

o'

CD

CO

2 E

0 3

IM.

r-

CO

03

TO

O

CT

O

TO

•Ft

CT

Nt

LO

5 V-'

co"

CT

CO

^ CN.
r-

co"

CT

to

CO c> .
v-“

co"

CT

uo~

00

V- fs-

TO

CO

_Q

CO

LL Z

r-

LNJ

CNJ

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Site: Hare Harbor 1 / Petit Mécatina 3 LOWER NORTH SHORE 2013 ARTIFACT CATALOG 3

Code Borden: EciBt-3

Fieldwork: 08/2013 Head of Project: William Fitzhugh

Catalog: 05/2014________ Catalog: Anja Herzog

Site: Hare Harbor 1 / Petit Mécatina 3 LOWER NORTH SHORE 2013 ARTIFACT CATALOG 4

Code Borden: EdBt-3

Fieldwork: 08/2013 Head of Project: William Fitzhugh

Catalog: 05/2014___ Catalog: Anja Herzog

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Site: Hare Harbor 1 / Petit Mècatina 3 LOWER NORTH SHORE 2013 ARTIFACT CATALOG 5

Code Borden: EdBt-3

Fieldwork: 08/2013 Head of Project: William Fitzhugh

Catalog: 05/2014 _______ Catalog: Anja Herzog

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Site: Hare Harbor 1 / Petit Mécatina 3 LOWER NORTH SHORE 2013 ARTIFACT CATALOG 6

Code Borden: EdBt-3

Fieldwork: 08/2013 Head of Project: William Fitzhugh

Catalog: 05/2014 ___ Catalog: Anja Herzog

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Site: Hare Harbor 1 / Petit Mécatina 3 LOWER NORTH SHORE 2013 ARTIFACT CATALOG

Code Borden: EdBt-3

Fieldwork: 08/2013 . Head of Project: William Fitzhugh

Catalog: 05/2014 ______ Catalog: An)a Herzog

Site: Hare Harbor 1 / Petit Mécaiina 3 LOWER NORTH SHORE 2013 ARTIFACT CATALOG 8

Code Borden; EdBt-3

Fieldwork: 08/2013 Head of Project: William Fitzhugh

Catalog: 05/2014 __ Catalog: Anja Herzog

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Site: Hare Harbor 1 / Petit Mécatina 3 LOWER NORTH SHORE 2013 ARTIFACT CATALOG 9

Code Borden: EdBt-3

Fieldwork: 08/2013 Head °f Project: William Fitzhugh

Catalog: 05/2014___ _ _____ Catalog: Anja Herzog

Site: Hare Harbor 1 / Petit Mécatina 3 LOWER NORTH SHORE 2013 ARTIFACT CATALOG

Code Borden: EdBt-3

Fieldwork: 08/2013 Head of Project: William Fitzh

Catalog: 05/2014 _ ______ Catalog: Anj3 Her

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Site: Hare Harbor 1 / Petit Mécatina 3 LOWER NORTH SHORE 2013 ARTIFACT CATALOG 12

Code Borden: EdBt-3

Fieldwork: 08/2013 Head of Project: William Fitzhugh

Catalog: 05/2014________ Catalog: Anja Herzog

Remarks

Treatment

Field

Number

S

1 9càg

05

'03

O

05

19càg

27

17a

-Q

r-*>

17c?

r^-

17e?

20 ou 35’

to

CO

rs

o

o

CM

20 ou 35?

20 ou 35?

20 ou 35?

20 ou 35?

20 ou 35?

Weig

ht

3,9 g

Thiekn

ess

Max. Length
x Max. Width

1 Diameter

1,8 x 2,3 x 0,3

cm

Fits with

EdBt-3:7177

EdBt-3:7176

EdBt-3:7178.
EdBt-3:7179,
EdBt-3:7181

EdBt-3:7178,
EdBt-3:7179.

EdBt-3:7181

CO 05" 'T-

co

f'—

CO CO CO

£ £ co

to *o •O

LU LU LÜ

Condition

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Cultural

affiliation

Historical

Historical

Historical

Historical

Historical

Historical

Historical

Historical

Historical

Historical

Historical

Historical

Historical

Historical

Historical

Historical

Historical

Historical

Historical

§

CM

T—

T—

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r "

T—

sr~

Description

body fragment, small
fragment

body fragment, small
fragment

small fragment, eroded, no
glaze

pink-orange paste, flaked,
superior surface fragment

foot fragment with rolled rim
(broken), moulded
decoration of dots and wavy
lines on foot

flaked? Altered by heat?

body fragment with applied
decorative band

body fragment, with applied
decorative bandtraces of
black stains on exterior
surface

base/wall fragment, black
stain on exterior surface

base/wall fragment, flat
base, black stain on exterior
surface

body fragment

base fragment, flat base

body fragment, small green
glaze stains and blackened
on exterior surface

base/body fragment,
blackened along edge

base/body fragment,
blackened along edge

small body fragment, black
on exterior surface

small body fragment

body fragment, small green

glaze stains on exterior

surface

small flaked body fragment

Material / Type

Majolica

Majolica

Majolica

Clay, coarse

Glass, tinted
yellow

Flint

Coarse

Earthenware

Coarse

Earthenware

Coarse

Earthenware

Coarse

Earthenware

<D

jo f

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O LU

Coarse

Earthenware

Coarse

Earthenware

Coarse

Earthenware

Coarse

Earthenware

Coarse

Earthenware

Coarse

Earthenware

Coarse

Earthenware

Coarse

Earthenware

Object

Porringer

Porringer

Porringer

Rooftile

Fragment

Drinking Glass

Fragement

Cooking Vessel

Cooking Vessel

Cooking Vessel

Cooking Vessel

Cooking Vessel

Cooking Vessel

Cooking Vessel

Cooking Vessel

Cooking Vessel

Cooking Vessel

Cooking Vessel

Cooking Vessel

Cooking Vessel’

Depth

CO

co

136

co

CO

136

p/u

135

130

130

130

O

CO

130

130

135

LO

CO

135

135

135

135

135

Square

4S/8W

4S/8W

4S/8W

4S/8W

4S/8W

4S/8W

4S/8W

4S/8W

4S/8W

<X5

4S/8W

4S/8W

4S/8W

4S/8W

4S/8W

4S/8W

4S/8W

4S/8VV

4S/8W

Area

Or

05

05

05

05

05

05

05

05

05

05

05

05

05

05

05

05

05

05

m a

& Q

m m

2013

2013

2013

2013

2013

CO

o

CM

2013

2013

2013

2013

2013

2013

2013

2013

2013

2013

2013

20131

20131

No.

d'artéfact

EdBt-3:7170

EdBt-3:7171

EdBt-3:7172

EdBt-3:7173

EdBt-3:7174

EdBt-3:7175

EdBt-3:7176

r—

1

03

to

LU

EdBt-3:7178

EdBt-3:7179

EdBt-3:7180

EdBt-3:7181

EdBt-3:7182

EdBt-3:7183

EdBt-3:7184

EdBt-3:7185

EdBt-3:7186

EdBt-3:7187

EdBt-37188

Site: Hare Harbor 1 / Petit Mécatina 3 LOWER NORTH SHORE 2013 ARTIFACT CATALOG 13

Code Borden: EdBt-3

Fieldwork: 08/2013 Head of Project: William Fitzhugh

Catalog: 05/2014__________ Catalog: Anja Herzog

Cf) *~

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Site: Hare Harbor 1 / Petit Mécaiina 3 LOWER NORTH SHORE 2013 ARTIFACT CATALOG 14

Code Borden: EdBt-3

Fieldwork: 08/2013 Head of Pro i ect: William Ftebugh

Catalog: 05/2014 ____ Catalog: Anja Hentog

Remarks

Treatment

? Identification,

conservation

treatment

? Identification,

conservation

treatment

not kept

conservation

treatment

recommended

Field

Number

20 ou 35?

oo

o"

CO

CD

CD

CD

CO

CO

CNJ

CM

D-

31,14

31,14

Weig

ht

03

CO

CD

Thickn

ess

li/lax. Length
x Max. Width
/ Diameter

Length: 15,5
cm

Lengths: 12,8
cm, 10,2 cm,
6,3 cm, 3,0

cm

Length: 4.3
cm

Length: 5,0
cm

Length: 5,8

cm

< 3,0 cm

13,5x3,2 cm

r-

co

X

CD

X

CD

’r- " o

Height: 4,8

cm; width: 4,2

cm

2,7 x 2,5 cm

Length: 6,9 à

11,4 cm

Fits with

Condition

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Complete

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Complete

Cultural

affiliation

Historical

Historical

Historical

Historical

Historical

Historical

Historical

Historical

Historical

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Description

body fragment with
decorative applied band,
stain of green glaze and
blackened on exterior
surface

very' large spike, with head,
lower portion missing

large nails, two with heads
(one with large head}, two
stem fragments, square
section

CL.

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flat, broken stem fragment

round-sectioned rod,
probably from tool

sample

elongated fragment

base/wall fragment, brown
paste, mostly covered in
sooth

body sherd, traces of soot on
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thin wall fragment, curved

small, grey flake

flattened shape

4 fragments, 2 pieces fit

almost complete, with mostly

large heads

Materia! / Type

Coarse

Earthenware

Iron, wrought

Iron, wrought

Iron, wrought I

jo

CD

1

cf

2

Iron, wrought

Ferrrous Metal

Charcoal

Baleen

Coarse

Earthenware

Coarse

Earthenware

Glass, tinted
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Flint?

Iron, wrought

Iron, wrought

Iron, wrought

Object

Cooking Vessel

Spike

Spike

Nail

Flat Rod

Tool?

Corroded

Fragments

s

Baleen Fragment

Cooking Vessel?

Cooking Vessel

Small bottle?

Flake

Hook

Flat Fagment

Nail

Depth

S

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8

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4S/8W

4S/8W

4S/8W

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2S/2W

2S/2W

2S/2W

2S/2W

2S/2W

2S/2VV

Area

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2013

2013

2013

2013

2013

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2013

2013

2013

2013

2013

2013

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s

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2013

No.

d’artéfact

EdBt-3:7210

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EdBt-3:7212

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EdBt-3:7214

EdBt-3:7215

EdBt-3:7216

EdBt-3:7217

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p/u

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Site: Hare Harbor 1 / Petit Mécatina 3 LOWER NORTH SHORE 2013 ARTIFACT CATALOG 15

Code Borden: EdBt-3

Fieldwork: 08/2013 Head of Pro i ect; Wliliam Fitzhugh

Catalog: 05/2014_______ Catalog: Anja He/zog

Site: Hare Harbor 1 / Petit Mécatina 3 LOWER NORTH SHORE 2013 ARTIFACT CATALOG 16

Code Borden: EdBt-3

Fieldwork: 08/2013 Head of Project: William Fitzhugh

Catalog: 05/2014_________ Catalog: Anja Herzog

Site: Hare Harbor 1 / Petit Mécatina 3 LOWER NORTH SHORE 2013 ARTIFACT CATALOG 17

Code Borden: EdBt-3

Fieldwork: 08/2013 Head of Project: William Fitzhugh

Catalog: 05/2014____ Catalog: Anja Herzog

Site: Hare Harbor 1 / Petit Mécatina 3 LOWER NORTH SHORE 2013 ARTIFACT CATALOG 18

Code Borden: EbBt-3

Fieldwork: 08/2013 Head of Project: William Fitzhugh

Catalog: 05/2014 _______ Catalog: Anja Herzog

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Site: Hare Harbor 1 / Petit Mécatina 3 LOWER NORTH SHORE 2013 ARTIFACT CATALOG 19

Code Borden: EbBt-3

Fieldwork: 08/2013 Head of Project: William Fitzhugh

Catalog: 05/2014__________ Catalog: Anja Hereog

Site: Hare Harbor 1 / Petit Mécatina 3 LOWER NORTH SHORE 2013 ARTIFACT CATALOG 20

Code Borden: EtiBt-3

Fieldwork: 08/2013 Head of Project: William Fitzhugh

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Site: Hare Harbor 1 / Petit Mécatina 3 LOWER NORTH SHORE 2013 ARTIFACT CATALOG 27

Code Borders; EdBl-3

Fieldwork; 08/2013 Head of Project: William Fitzhugh

Catalog: 05/2014 ________ Catalog: Anja Herzog

Site: Hare Harbor 1 / Petit Mécatina 3 LOWER NORTH SHORE 2013 ARTIFACT CATALOG 28

Code Borden: EdBt-3

Fieldwork: 08/2013 Head of Project: William Fitzhugh

Catalog: 05/2014___ Catalog: Anja Herzog

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Code Borden: EdBt-3

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Code Borden: EdBt-3

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Code Borden: EdBt-3

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Site: Hare Harbor 1 / Petit Mécatina 3 LOWER NORTH SHORE 2013 ARTIFACT CATALOG 33

Code Borden: EdBt-3

Fieldwork: 08/2013 Head of Project: William Fitzhugh

Catalog: 05/2014 ___ Catalog: Anja Herzog

Remarks

[05/08/20131

05/08/2013

06/08/2013

06/08/2013

06/08/2013

106/08/20131

107/08/20131

107/08/20131

[07/08/2013|

09/08/2013

09/08/2013

09/08/2013

109/08/20131

109/08/20131

[10/08/20131

111/08/20131

[11/08/20131

12/08/2013

112/08/20131

[ 13/08/20131

13/08/2013

13/08/2013

[13/08/20131

[13/08/20131

13/08/2013

09/08/2013

09/08/2013

09/08/2013

09/08/2013

Treatment

03

CZ

cT

X3

$

_o

CO

slowdrying

slowdrying

slowdrying

Field

Number

_

r^-

CNJ

O

oo

30

|39

03

CO

UO

■"t

[45

[50

CD

UO

CD

UO

56

03

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03

UO

[63

OO

CD

co

CD

o-

OO

84

84

[90

O

03

03

37

55

55

[55

60

Weig

ht

Thickn

ess

2 mm

7-8

mm

max.

17 mm

14 mm

Max. Length
x Max. Width

/ Diameter

CO

CM*

X

03

E

T— o

1,5 x 1,1 cm

Length: 16,0

cm: width: 4,6

- 6,3 cm

Length: 9,2

cm: width: 1,7

1-3,1 cm |

Height: 2,4

cm; diameter:

3,3 cm

5,7 x 6,6 cm;

depth of cut¬

out: 2,8 cm

Fits with

C

O

xi

c

o

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£■

3

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£

CO

2

ll

| Fragmentary

Fragmentary

[Fragmentary I

Fragmentary

2r

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cc

ll

Fragmentary j

| Fragmentary j

co

E

<D

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cn

2

Cl

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CO

cz

£

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2

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Fragmentary

3

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CD

E

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[Fragmentai

2T

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CD

2

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[Fragmentary

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[Fragmentary

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E

03

2

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Fragmentary

Fragmentary

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CD

E

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2

LA-

£*

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03

2

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Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

c

2 -S
i§ *~

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Historical

03

O

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C«3

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[Historical

Historical

[Historical

[Historical

Historical

1 Historical

Historical

1 Historical

[Historical '

[Historical !

[Historical |

[Historical

Historical

[Historical !

[Historical |

Historical

Historical

[Historical

Historical

Historical

Historical

Historical

Historical

Historical

Historical

>*

5

co

CO

O

CM

-

CM

1-0

CM

CO

OO

o

■'Cf-

CM

■m-

62

03

CD

CM

Description

long bone?

long bones

1 mandible bone

long bones, 1 white

|rib bone?

collarbone, long bone?

small fragment

collarbone, 6 long bones

long bones

fragment of long bone

long bones, 1 collarbone, 1
wishbone, etc.

long bones, cut marks

[long bones

|l cranium, 3 long bones

CD

CO

Jq

CD

tz

CD

>

CO

CM

1 collarbone, 1 rib bone, 4
long bones

fragment

2 vertebrae

small fragment, triangular
shape (oak?), traces of
bark?

fragment, with groove for
insertion of head cants.

small barrel, approx. 22 cm
diameter at cut end, groove
at 1,7 cm below rim

one flat side

or cut branch fragment, bark

fragment still attached, split

up and shrunk during slow-

drying process

rectangular fragment but

with semi-circular cut-out at

one edge (oak?)

Material / Type

Bone, Mammal |

Bone, Bird

Bone, Fish

Bone, Bird

Bone, Fish

p

<55

<D

C

o

CO

Bone, Fish

p

□5

0)

cz

o

CO

Bone, Bird

Bone, Mammal

[Bone, Fish

Bone, Bird

Bone, Fish

[Bone, Bird

[Bone, Bird

3one, Mammal

[Bone, Bird

Bone, Bird

[Bone, Bird

[Bone, Fish, Cod

p

d5

O)

cz

o

CO

Walnut

[Bone, Fish, Cod

[Bone, Bird

Shell

Wood, worked

Wood, worked

Wood, worked

Wood, worked

Wood, worked

Object

Mammal Bone

Bird Bone

Codfish Bone

Bird Bone

<D

cz

o

~o

sz

o

c/3

Li

Bird Bone

Fishbone

Bird Bone

Bird Bone

CD

CZ

o

CO

~cô

E

E

<v

Codfish Bone

Bird Bone

Fishbone

Bird Bone

Bird Bone

[Mammal Bone

Bird Bone

Bird Bone

Bird Bone

Fishbone

Bird Bone

Walnut Shell

[Codfish Bone

Bird Bone

Scallop Shell

Wood Fragment

Barrel Stave

Wedge

Barrel Bung?

Wood Fragment

Depth

Square

C3-3

co

CO

O

CO

CO

O

C3-3

CO

CO

O

co

cô

O

C3-3

CO

cô

O

CO

CO

O

CO

CO

O

C3-3

C3-3

C3-3

CO

CO

O

CO

cô

O

e-eol

C3-3

C3-3

CO

co

o

CO

OO

o

C3-3

C3-3

C3-3

C?

CO

o

C3-3

C3-3

C3-3

C3-3

C3-3

C3-3

Area

Unde 1

«D

X3

cz

3

Unde

Unde

Unde

Unde

Unde

Unde

Unde

Unde

Unde

Unde

rwate

Unde

Unde

Unde

Unde

Unde

Unde

Unde

Unde

Unde

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CD CD

c §
3 £

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Unde

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Unde

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Unde

rwate

Unde

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rwate

r

Sea

son

2013|

2013

co

O

CM

2013

2013

2013

2013

2013

2013

2013

2013

2013

2013

2013

2013

2013

2013

2013

[2013

2013

2013

2013

2013!

2013

2013

2013

2013!

2013

2013

2013

No.

d'artéfact

EdBt-3:7496 [

EdBt-3:7497

EdBt-3:7498

EdBt-3 7499

EdBt-3:7500

EdBl-3:7501

EdBt-3:7507

EciBt-3.7502

EoBt-3.7503

EdBt-3:7504

EdBt-3 7505

EdBt-3:7506

|EdBt-3:7508

|EdBt-3:7509

IEdBt-3:7510

! EdBt-3:751 1

EdBt-3:7512

EdBt-3:7513

EdBt-3:7514

EdBt-3:7515

EdBt-3:7516

EdBt-3:7517

EdBt-3:7518

EdBt-3:7519

EdBt-3:7520

EdBt-3:7521

EdBt-3:7522

EdBt-3:7523

EdBt-3:7524

EdBt-3:7525

Site: Hare Harbor 1 / Petit Mecatina 3 LOWER NORTH SHORE 2013 ARTIFACT CATALOG 34

Code Borden: EdBt-3

Fieldwork: 08/2013 Head of Project: William Fitzhugh

Catalog: 05/2014 __ Catalog: Anja Herzog

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Site: Hare Harbor 1 / Petit Mécatina 3 LOWER NORTH SHORE 2013 ARTIFACT CATALOG 35

Code Borden: EdBt-3

Fieldwork: 08/2013 Head °f Project: William Fitzhugh

Catalog: 05/2014 _________ Catalog: Anja Herzog

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Site: Hare Harbor 1 / Petit Mécatina 3 LOWER NORTH SHORE 2013 ARTIFACT CATALOG 36

Code Borden: EdBt-3

Fieldwork: 08/2013 Head °f Project: William Fitzhugh

Catalog: 05/2014 ______ Catalog: Anja Herzog

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Site: Hare Harbor 1 / Petit Mècatina 3 LOWER NORTH SHORE 2013 ARTIFACT CATALOG 37

Code Borden: EdBt-3

Fieldwork; 08/2013 Head of Project: William Fitzhugh

Catalog: 05/2014 _______ Catalog: Anja Herzog

Site: Hare Harbor 1 / Petit Mecatina 3 LOWER NORTH SHORE 2013 ARTIFACT CATALOG 39

Code Borden: EdBt-3

Fieldwork: 08/2013 Head ° f Project: William Fitzhugh

Catalog: 05/2014 __ Catalog: An)a Herzog

Site: Hare Harbor 1 / Petit Mécatina 3 LOWER NORTH SHORE 2013 ARTIFACT CATALOG 40

Code Borden: EdBt-3

Fieldwork: 08/2013 Head of Project: William Fitzhugh

Catalog: 05/2014 ________ Catalog: Anja Herzog

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Site: Hare Harbor 1 / Petit Mécatina 3 LOWER NORTH SHORE 2013 ARTIFACT CATALOG 41

Code Borden: EdBt-3

Fieldwork: 08/2013 Head of Project: William Fitzhugh

Catalog : 05/2014 _________ Catalog: Anja Herzog

Site: Hare Harbor 1 / Petit Mécaiina 3 LOWER NORTH SHORE 2013 ARTIFACT CATALOG 42

Code Borden: EdBt-3

Fieldwork: 08/2013 Head of Project: William Fitzhugh

Catalog: 05/2014__ _ __ Catalog: Anja Herzog

Remarks

14/08/2013

14/08/2013

12/08/2013

12/08/2013

12/08/2013

12/08/2013

13/08/2013

14/08/2013

13/08/2013

13/08/2013

112/08/2013|

12/08/2013

12/08/2013

112/08/2013]

|13/08/2013]

113/08/2013]

113/08/2013]

113/08/20131

Treatment

Field

Number

94

3

72

CO

CO

CO

CO

CO

95

89

68

80

O

CO

O

CO

CM

CO

CM

oo

98!

CD

CO

Weig

ht

CO

o

30,3 g

05

o_

cm"

O)

l6

CD

O

CO

di it 6 ç- 01

CO CM T- °_ CM

r_T O

242,6

_a

21.9 g

C

•a «

1— <33

Max. Length
x Max. Width

/ Diameter

Diameters:
0,55 cm. 0,5
cm (2x), 0,4
cm, 0,3 cm

Diameters:
ca. 0,6 cm
and ca. 0,3

cm

Lengths: 2,6
cm, 1,8 cm,

1,3 cm, 1,0

:cm (2x)

1,1 x 0,9 cm;

0,9 x 0,7 cm;

1,0 x 0,6 cm;

... 0,4x0,3

cm

Folded: 3,2 x

0,6-1,4 cm;

unfolded

length: 4,4 cm

Diameters:

0,6 cm (3x),

0,5 cm (2x),

0,5 cm

8,2 x 6,1 x 6,1

cm

4,0 x 4,5 x 1,0

cm

Fits with

Condition

Fragmentary

3

c

CD

E

CO

Li

Fragmentary

s

c

a>

E

§*

u

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

3

c

<D

E

CO

2

LL

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

&

3

c

<D

E

CO

2

LL

Fragmentary-

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c

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CT

2

ll

Fragmentary 1

eg

cü

CD

E

CO

2

ll

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3

c

CD

E

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2

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Ld

3

CD

E

co

2

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c

<D

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CD

2

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Cultural

affiliation

Historical

Historical

Historical

s

TZ

o

to

X

S

cr

o

3

X.

Historical

Historical

Historical

Historical

Historical

Historical

Historical

Historical i

Historical 1

1

o

Zn

X

3

o

c

to

X

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c

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to

X

»

a

LO

34

m

O

CO

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T—

co

■ct

CO

CM

co

CM

^3-

r—

CO

Description

shoulder fragment with
departure of neck, brown
paste

body fragment, blackened on
both surfaces

different sizes, 3 still with
sprue in place

23 large size, 2 of whih with
sprue, 11 small size, 4 of
which with sprue

various sprue fragment

various sizes and forms of
sprue, one cut fragment from
musket ball

thin, flat fragment of unequal
width and folded once; cut
mark

large-sized buckshot

large noduie of light grey to
white flint, cortex

flake of light to dark grey
flint, trace of cortex

1

£

JD

CD

C

O

<A

CD

C

o

jd

CT

c

o

1 bone broken and with cut

marks

2

j5

tD

CD

>

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o

o

3

Crt

Material/Type

Coarse

Earthenware

Coarse

Earthenware

Lead

Lead

Lead

Lead

TJ

CD

05

—1

Lead

Flint

Flint

55

CD

o

CÛ

Bone, Mammal

-o

55

ai

o

CG

Bone. Bird

3

E

E

CO

<D

C

O

CQ

Bone, Bird

TD

O

O

JC

CO

Li¬

ai

c

o

CD

[Bone. Bird

Object

Cooking Vessel

[Cooking Vessel

Buckshot

O

CO

o

cs

CO

Sprue

Platelets or

Sprue

Lead Strip

Buckshot

Flint Nodule

Flake

<D

C

o

JO

TD

55

Mammal Bone

Birdbone

Birdbone?

Mammal Bone

[Birdbone

0)

c

o

-O

or

co

3

o

O

CD

C

O

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in

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Square

C3-5

C3-5

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C3-5

C3-5

C3-5

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to

CO

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2013

2013

2013

2013

2013

2013

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2013

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2013

CO

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[2013

CO

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No.

d'artéfacî

EdBt-3:7665

EdBt-3:7666

EdBt-3:7667

s

CO

co

£

T3

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EdBt-3;7669

EdBt-3:7670

Ed8t-3:7671

EdB!-3:7672

EdBt-3:7673

EdBt-3:7674

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EdBt-3:7676

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EdBt-3:7680

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Site: Hare Harbor 1 / Petit Mécatina 3 LOWER NORTH SHORE 2013 ARTIFACT CATALOG 43

Code Borden: EdBt-3

Fieldwork: 08/2013 Head of Project: William Fitzhugh

Catalog: 05/2014 _________ Catalog: Anja Herzog

LOWER NORTH SHORE 2013 ARTIFACT CATALOG

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LOWER NORTH SHORE 2013 ARTIFACT CATALOG